Artificial intelligence has significantly reshaped clinical diagnostic and treatment models，with deep learning（DL）emerging as a key contributor. In the field of dentistry， DL has demonstrated remarkable potential，particularly in the diagnosis and treatment of pulpal and periapical diseases. By recognizing and learning patterns within data， DL models assist dentists in automating disease localization，diagnosis，and prognosis prediction. This article seeks to review the application of DL in the clinical management of pulpal and periapical diseases，offering insights that may serve as a useful reference for clinical practice.
Tooth development is a complex and precise process involving interactions between epithelial and ectomesenchymal tissues，with multiple signaling pathways and regulatory factors participating. Proper tooth development is crucial for phonation，mastication，and the overall development of the craniofacial region. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3（STAT3），a key transcription factor，plays a critical role in processes such as cell proliferation，survival，apoptosis， angiogenesis， immune responses， and cell migration.Recent studies have highlighted the significant role of STAT3 in tooth development. This paper summarizes recent advancements in the research on STAT3 in tooth development，with a focus on its role in ameloblasts，odontoblasts，dental pulp stem cells，and cementoblast differentiation，so as to offer new perspectives and references for the diagnosis and treatment of clinical tooth development abnormalities.
To evaluate the effectiveness of the bioceramic material - iRoot BP Plus on full pulpotomy in mature permanent teeth with irreversible pulpitis.
Methods
A retrospective study was conducted on the cases diagnosed with"irreversible pulpitis"underwent full pulpotomy with iRoot BP Plus as pulp capping agent under local anesthesia in the general dental clinic I department，Hospital of Stomatology，Guangxi Medical University，from June 2020 to October 2021. The follow-up data were collected up to two years after operation. The patients' basic conditions，etiology，clinical and X-ray signs，diagnosis before the operation，intraoperative treatment details，and postoperative clinical signs at 3，6，12 and 24 months，and the radiographic data at 6，12 and 24 months were summarized.The number and proportion of each variable were counted to evaluate its clinical and radiographic efficacy.
Results
A total of 25 patients and 28 teeth were collected，including 8 males（32%）and 17 females（68%）with the average age of（35.5 ± 15.5）years old. At the follow-up 3 to 24 months，the clinical examination showed that the original symptoms disappeared and there were no new clinical symptoms in all cases. The imaging examination at the follow-up 6 to 24 months showed that all 7 cases with periapical radiolucency and 2 cases with abnormal widening of periodontal ligament before operation turned to normal radiographic manifestations in follow-up 12 months. No new periapical radiolucency was found in 16 patients with normal periapical images before operation during the follow-up.In the last follow-up，26 teeth showed hard tissue bridge formation under the capping material，and no obvious hard tissue bridge formation was found in 2 teeth.
Conclusion
iRoot BP Plus as a kind of pulp capping material applied in full pulpotomy of mature permanent teeth with irreversible pulpitis could achieve good therapeutic effectiveness.
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of pingyangmycin（PYM）complex in the treatment of oral and maxillofacial vascular malformations（VMs）.
Methods
A total of 64 patients with oral and maxillofacial VMs admitted to our department from 2007 to 2021 were enrolled，including 42 patients treated with PYM complex and 22 patients treated with traditional PYM solution. Diagnosis was confirmed based on imaging findings，and treatment outcomes were evaluated according to Achauer's grading criteria. Statistical analyses，including independent sample t-tests and chi-square tests，were performed using software（SPSS，v=25.0）.
Results
The efficacy of PYM complex group was significantly better than that of traditional PYM group（χ2=6.141，P=0.013）. Moreover，in patients with only one injection，the effective rate of PYM complex group（85%）was significantly higher than that of traditional PYM group（40%）（χ2=7.704，P=0.006）. For lymphatic malformations，the efficacy of PYM complex treatment was superior in macrocystic lesions compared to microcystic ones（χ2=10.585，P=0.001）.PYM complex had a good and safe therapeutic effect，especially for venous malformations and macrocystic lymphatic malformations. Overall，the PYM complex group significantly enhanced therapeutic outcomes and reduced the number of treatment sessions.
Conclusions
The use of PYM complex in the treatment of oral and maxillofacial vascular malformations could effectively reduce the tumor volume，improve the treatment effect，reduce the number of treatments，and improve the treatment satisfaction of patients with less medical burden and good safety.
To explore the localizing and removal methods of small foreign bodies in the oral and maxillofacial regions.
Methods
A total of sixteen patients were selected from the Nanjing Stomatological Hospital，Affiliated Hospital of Medical School，Institute of Stomatology，Nanjing University from March 2021 to January 2024. A retrospective analysis was conducted on the types，quantities，and removal methods of foreign bodies in the patients.
Results
During the surgery，the position of foreign bodies in sixteen patients was real-timely located by using computer-assisted navigation which showed accurate registration and low mistake.All the foreign bodies were successfully removed with minimal surgical trauma.
Conclusions
Computer-assisted navigation played a role of electronic eyes in the removal of small foreign bodies in the oral and maxillofacial regions，which could help clinical doctors locate the foreign bodies more intuitively，avoid the risk of damaging important body tissues，and remove foreign bodies through the optimal path.
To observe and evaluate the clinical effect of using iodoform-iodoglyceringelatin sponge to treat dry socket without local anesthetic debridement.
Methods
A total of 32 patients with dry socket who were treated at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from July 2020 to July 2023 were recruited，and they were divided into an observation group and a control group，with 16 patients in each. For the observation group，patients were treated without local anesthetic debridement，and the tooth socket was flushed and filled with iodoform-iodoglycerin-gelatin sponge. For the control group，the paitents were treated according to the traditional method of dry socket，where the tooth socket was debrided under local anesthesia，and the iodophor gauze was filled after hydrogen peroxide and saline cleaning.The pain degree（visual analogue scale）on the first，third，and seventh day after treatment，and the growth of granulation tissue in the tooth socket and the pain sensation of the bone wall on the seventh day were evaluated in the two groups. The pain score and treatment effectiveness of the two groups were statistically analyzed by t-test and Chi-square test，and the test level α = 0.05.
Results
For the observation group，the VAS pain scores before treatment，on the first，third，and seventh day after treatment were 8.50±0.89，7.19±0.98，3.44±1.15，and 1.13±0.74，respectively.For the control group，the VAS pain scores before treatment，on the first，third，and seventh day after treatment were 8.44±0.96，6.69±1.20，3.16±0.81，and 1.06±0.83，respectively.Compared with the first day，the VAS values of the observation and the control groups both showed significant decrease on the third days after treatment（tobservationgroup = 13.88，Pobservationgroup＜0.001，tcontrolgroup = 16.91，Pcontrolgroup＜0.001）. There was no statistical significance in pain scores between the two groups at each time point（t0d=0.19，P0d=0.85；t3d=0.96，P3d=0.35；t7d=0.25，P7d=0.80）.The treatment effective rate of the observation group（93.75%）and the control group（100%）showed no statistically significant difference（χ2=1.032，P=0.31）.
Conclusions
The use of iodoform-iodoglycerin-gelatin sponge for local treatment of dry socket could significantly relieve the pain symptoms of patients and promote the healing of the tooth socket，which would be an effective and relatively minimally invasive method for treating dry socket.
Pulp canal calcification，which leads to root canal narrowing or obstruction，significantly increases the difficulty of root canal treatment. With the rapid development of digital technologies，3D-printing guides have been introduced in the endodontics field，offering a novel treatment approach for severely calcified root canals. This technique reduces the incidence of complications associated with access preparation，orifice location and canal negotiation，thereby improving the treatment success rates. This article reports two maxillary left incisors with severely calcified canals treated with the aid of cone-beam computed tomography（CBCT）combined with 3D-printing guides，so as to provide a reference for similar clinical scenarios.
The oralome is the collection of dynamic interactions between the ecological communities of oral microorganisms living in the oral cavity and their hosts，and these microorganisms make up the complex ecosystem which is symbiotic with the human host， also known as oral microecology. The "ecological plaque hypothesis" is one of the most widely accepted hypotheses on the etiology of caries，which suggests that the microecology in the oral cavity maintains a healthy state. The oral environment changed and disturbed the normal ecological balance which pushes the symbiotic microbial community transform into a pathogenicbiofilm community， causing microecology dysbiosis and ultimately leading to the occurrence of dental caries. Thus，maintaining or restoring oral microecological balance is a significant goal in the prevention and treatment of dental caries.Emerging biomaterials and technologies such as prebiotics，antimicrobial peptides， nanoparticles， natural substances，probiotics and phages have become the hotspots in the field of caries prevention because of their unique advantages and great potential. In this article，we review above anti - caries biomaterials in dental caries prevention from the perspective of regulating oral microecological balance，providing a theoretical basis for the future research.
Cleft lip and palate is one of the most common congenital anomalies. Currently，surgery remains the only effective treatment method of it. However，the pain experienced by children during the perioperative period of cleft lip and palate surgery can induce adverse emotional and physiological responses，not only affecting the normal feeding of the children，but also potentially leading to wound dehiscence due to excessive crying caused by pain. Therefore，the management of pain during the perioperative period of cleft lip and palate surgery is closely related to the final outcome of the surgical treatment. This article reviews the current research progress in pain management from the aspects of the mechanism of pain during the perioperative period of cleft lip and palate surgery，the selection of analgesic drugs，anesthesia methods，and their effects. With the development of biotherapeutic technology，the application of biomaterials in pain management also shows great potential. Thus，this article dicusses the application prospects of novel therapeutic methods based on biomaterials in the pain management during the perioperative period of cleft lip and palate surgery.
Temporomandibular disorders（TMD）have garnered significant attention from scholars due to their high prevalence and multidisciplinary relevance. Given the challenging nature of early detection，diagnosis，and treatment of TMD，as well as the wide array of imaging modalities available， it is imperative to judiciously select imaging techniques to establish a solid foundation for TMD diagnosis and prevention. Commonly utilized imaging modalities encompass X-ray film examination，cone beam CT（CBCT），magnetic resonance imaging（MRI），ultrasonography，among others. With advancements in diagnostic imaging technology，the accuracy of TMD diagnosis has markedly improved，and the scope of imaging evaluation has expanded. Nevertheless，it is essential for clinical practitioners to swiftly and accurately interpret imaging findings. This article presents a systematic review of medical imaging modalities and imaging clinical assessment of TMD，aiming to guide clinical practitioners in the rational application of imaging techniques tailored to the specific characteristics and requirements of the disease. By conducting a comprehensive analysis of imaging assessment content，clinicians can ensure the precision and efficacy of TMD diagnosis，prevention，and treatment strategies.
Compliance refers to the behavior of patients who receive and comply with the doctor's instructions. Patient compliance is a key factor affecting the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment，influenced by subjective intentions，doctor - patient relationships，personality traits，and other factors. Adolescent orthodontic patients，due to their age stage of drastic physiological and psychological changes，have an increased impact of personality traits on compliance. This article reviews the relationship between personality traits and treatment compliance in adolescent orthodontic patients from the perspectives of adolescent compliance，personality traits and changes，and personality traits and compliance in fixed and invisible orthodontic treatments. The aim was to provide information for orthodontists to adopt different diagnostic and treatment behaviors for patients with different personality traits in clinical practice，to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of patients，and to assist clinical practice in predicting and guiding compliance through personality trait tests.
