Due to the development of novel dental materials and digital techniques, the basic and clinical researches focusing on dental caries have been accumulated recently, which also promotes the clinical validation for the early diagnosis, comprehensive prevention, and functional-aesthetic treatment with minimal invasive intervention. By searching the literature, this article reviewed the current novel techniques that can be used to detect and diagnose caries, along with their clinical application, advantages and disadvantages, so as to provide references for the clinical application.
In recent years, a new type of resin matrix ceramic composite material has already been applied to restore tooth defection as well as to manufacture crowns on implants. It mainly includes two categories: Resin-based ceramic (RBC) and polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (PICN) . This paper provided a review of the mechanical properties, aesthetic characteristics, and clinical applications of resin matrix ceramic composite materials. The results indicated that the mechanical properties of resin matrix ceramic composite materials were between resin composite and ceramics, which were slightly higher than that of resin but significantly lower than that of reinforced glass-ceramics and zirconia. The advantages of such materials included their elastic modulus being close to that of enamel, and better fatigue resistance compared to ceramics. However, further optimization is needed in terms of mechanical strength and fracture toughness. The transparency of resin matrix ceramic composite materials was not as good as that of reinforced glass-ceramics, and their color stability was between resin composite and ceramics. In terms of clinical performance, resin matrix ceramic composite materials have been mainly used for inlays, onlays, and partial crowns currently, exhibiting similar survival rates to ceramics in the short-term clinical follow-ups. PICN may be more suitable for implant-supported full crowns. More evidence is needed to support the long-term clinical performance of these materials.
To explore the effect and mechanism of stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) on migration and polarization of mouse RAW264.7 macrophages.
Methods
RAW264.7 macrophages in vitro were treated with SDF-1 and/or phosphotidylinsitol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002. Transwell was used to detect cell migration. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of related genes in each group. The specific surface markers of M1 and M2 macrophages were detected by flow cytometry. Cytokines were determined by ELISA. The phosphorylation level of PI3K/AKT1 protein was detected by Western blot.
Results
SDF-1 could promote the migration of macrophages. The number of migrating cells in SDF-1 group increased from (90 ± 16) to (199 ± 9) (t = 12.010, P<0.001) and the expression levels of anti-inflammatory related genes IL-10 and TGF-β significantly increased during the induction of M2 polarization in macrophages. The expression of IL-10 increased from (1.015 ± 0.111) to (3.686 ± 0.268) (t = 15.960, P<0.001) . The proportion of CD206+ M2-like macrophages increased by 11.5%. The phosphorylation level of PI3K/AKT1 protein was significantly increased, and the expression of p-AKT1 increased from (1.02 ± 0.09) to (1.47 ± 0.12) (t = 5.082, P = 0.007) . which promoted the polarization of macrophages towards M2. LY294002 inhibited the phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT1 protein, and the expression of p-Akt1 decreased from (1.02 ± 0.09) to (0.41 ± 0.13) (t = 6.503, P = 0.002) . The migration ability of macrophages induced by SDF-1 was decreased from (90 ± 16) to (60 ± 11) (t = 3.133, P = 0.02) . At the same time, the expression levels of anti-inflammatory related factors IL-10 and TGF-β during the polarization of M2 macrophages were down-regulated. The expression of IL-10 decreased from (1.015 ± 0.111) to (0.608 ± 0.034) (t = 6.075, P<0.001) . The proportion of CD206+ M2-like macrophages decreased by 10.3%. Compared with the SDF-1 treatment group, the expression of anti-inflammatory related factors IL-10 and TGF-β in the polarization of M2 macrophages in the SDF-1 and LY294002 combined treatment group decreased (tIL-10 = 14.730, PIL-10<0.001, tTGF-β = 31.180, PTGF-β<0.001) , while the expression of pro-inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α in the polarization of M1 macrophages did not change significantly.
Conclusion
SDF-1 could significantly promote the M2 polarization of macrophages, possibly by activating the PI3K/AKT1 signaling pathway.
To study the effects of Lactococcus lactis (Ll) on the growth and biofilm formation of 4 kinds of cariogenic bacteria, and to provide the basis for the application in caries prevention and control.
Methods
Ll, Streptococcus mutans (Sm) , Actinomyces naeslundii (An) , Actinomyces viscosus (Av) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (La) were cultured under anaerobic conditions. A spot-on-lawn assay was used to evaluate the inhibition of Ll for these 4 kinds of cariogenic bacteria. The antagonistic interaction between Ll and these cariogenic bacteria was detected by plate competition test. The four kinds of cariogenic bacteria cultured separately were the single-cultured group, Ll co-cultured with 4 cariogenic bacteria separately were the co-cultured group. Crystal violet staining (CVS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate the effect of Ll on the biofilm formation of the 4 kinds of cariogenic bacteria. SPSS 20.0 statistical software was used for data analysis. The data from the measurement of the inhibitory-zone diameters (IZD) of Ll against the 4 kinds of cariogenic bacteria were compared and statistically analyzed with One-Way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and tukey′s HSD test, and the amount of bacterial biofilm was compared by Student′s t test.
Results
Spot-on-lawn assay showed that Ll inhibited the growth of the 4 kinds of cariogenic bacteria. Ll had the largest IZD for An, (11.97 ± 0.40) mm, and the smallest for Sm, (4.67 ± 0.32) mm. Ll showed statistically significant difference in the IZD of the 4 kinds of cariogenic bacteria (F = 241.22, P<0.001) . The plate competition test showed that Ll showed competitive inhibition against La, An and Av. CVS showed that the biofilm quantity of Sm and An co-cultured with Ll was (30.66 ± 0.48) and (10.27 ± 0.04) , respectively. The biofilm quantity of Sm and An single-cultured was (80.26 ± 2.55) and (73.98 ± 0.35) , respectively. For Sm and An biofilm, there was statistical difference in the biofilm quantity between co-cultured and single-cultured groups (tSm = 19.090, PSm<0.001, tAn = 183.3, PAn<0.001) . The SEM showed that Sm and An showed significantly thinner biofilm in coexistence with Ll than in the absence of Ll.
Conclusion
Ll could inhibit the growth of Sm, An, Av, La, and reduce the formation of Sm, An biofilms.
To compare the clinical outcomes of modified digital custom implant impression and conventional custom implant impression method in the upper anterior region.
Methods
A prospective randomized clinical trial was conducted on patients who had received dental implants in upper anterior region in Jianli Stomatological Hospital of Dongguan from March 2021 to December 2021, and needed implant-supported prostheses. After provisional crowns were used to obtain ideal emergence profile, a random number lottery method was used to determine the groups. Patients with modified digital custom impression method were included in the experimental group, and those with conventional custom impression method were included in the control group. The primary evaluation criteria were the accuracy of replication of the emergence profile, and the secondary evaluation criteria were impression-taking time, accuracy of occlusal and adjacent relationships, and VAS score of comfort. Two-sample t-test was used to analyze group differences in accuracy of emergence profile (software assessment) , time to take impression and VAS score. Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to analyze group differences in accuracy of occlusion, interdental relationships and emergence profile (subjective assessment) , and patients VAS score after final restoration.
Results
A total of 40 patients were included in the study with 20 patients in each group. Acurracy of emergence profile (software assessment) of the digital group was (0.39 ± 0.09) mm, which was significantly less than that of the conventional group (0.60 ± 0.09) mm (t = -7.525, P<0.001) . There was no significant difference in the accuracy of occlusion (Z = -1.025, P = 0.305) and interdental relationships (Z = -1.233, P = 0.218) . The accuracy of emergence profile (subjective assessment) of the experimental group was significantly better than that of the conventional group (Z = -4.684, P<0.001) . The VAS score of the digital group (2.45 ± 1.10) was significantly lower than that of the conventional group (7.00 ± 1.45) (t = 11.179, P<0.001) .
Conclusions
The modified digital custom impression and conventional custom impression method could both get satisfying clinical outcomes. Moreover, the modified digital custom impression is more effective, precise and comforting than the conventional custom impression method.
The female patient was 22 years old at the time of initial diagnosis, complaining of maxillary bilateral missing teeth. The face was straight type, and the 15, 25 were missing. X-ray analysis showed the bilateral maxillary sinuses were over gasified to the alveolar crest, and the alveolar bone at 15, 25 were extremely thin. The treatment plan of this case was to extract 35 and 45, and attempted to close the space between the missing teeth. Straight wire fixed appliance was used to align the upper and lower teeth, then the space closure through the maxillary sinuses was achieved by continuous light force. The treatment lasted 25 months. After treatment, the occlusion relationship was normal. The radix dentis were parallel without obvious absorption, and the dental pulp vitality was normal.
Quercetin is a safe and readily available natural polyphenolic compound. It has been found that quercetin exhibits significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and apoptosis-regulating effects through a variety of mechanisms, and its diversity of mechanisms and safety have enabled it to be widely used in a wide range of disease prevention and treatment. Many in vitro and animal experiments have shown that quercetin can inhibit the development of oral cancer, treat oral mucosal diseases, periodontal diseases and caries, showing good therapeutic effects on oral diseases. The effectiveness of quercetin in clinical applications has been reported in several papers in many fields, such as nerves and joints, but there are only a few reports on clinical applications for oral diseases. This article reviewed the properties of quercetin as a drug for oral disease control, as well as its application and mechanism in a variety of oral disease control studies, with a view to promoting the clinical application of quercetin in oral disease control and providing a safe and reliable option for oral disease control.
Composite resin has become the most commonly used restorative material for cavity filling, but the polymerization shrinkage during its curing process often leads to microleakage between composite resin restorations and the tooth interface, which affects the efficacy of the filling. This article reviewed the relevant research on marginal microleakage detection methods for composite resin restorations, analysed and compared the advantages and limitations of different detection methods, and summarized the latest applications of different detection methods to provide a scientific basis for evaluating the efficacy of composite resin fillings.
Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is the second generation of platelet concentrates, which is rich in growth factors, immune factors and cells. It can regulate the cellular growth and metabolism, so as to improve the healing of the soft tissue after tooth extraction. In recent years, due to the improvement of the preparation technique, it has been widely used in implant dentistry. Because of the different number and types of cells and cytokines contained by different PRF derivatives, such as A-PRF, L-PRF, their effects on the clinical treatment outcome are also different. This review focused on the application of different PRF derivatives in implant dentistry.
New types of cigarette products have gradually entered the public attention and become increasingly popular among teenagers. The new types of cigarette products usually refer to electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and heat-not-burn tobacco (HNB) . Because there are less harmful combustion products in the new types of cigarette products than the combusted cigarettes, the use of new types of cigarette products is often considered as a safer alternative to smoking, and even as one of the products to assist smokers to quit smoking. However, low toxicity does not mean non-toxic. The use of e-cigarettes may make people more prone to use cigarettes. Therefore, we reviewed the similarities and differences between e-cigarettes, HNB and combusted cigarettes, and clarified the relationship between new types of cigarette products and common oral diseases such as dental caries, periodontal diseases, and oral cancers. Since the reports of heat-not-burn tobacco are limited, this review would focus mainly on e-cigarettes. In terms of dental caries, e-cigarette users were more likely to have untreated dental caries than non-smokers, but e-cigarette smokers were less likely to have caries than combusted cigarette smokers. In terms of periodontal diseases, both e-cigarettes and heat-not-burn tobacco can cause changes in periodontal flora, trigger an inflammatory response in gingival epithelial cells, and aggravate the inflammation of periodontal tissue. In terms of oral cancers, in vitro experiments have shown that e-cigarettes have a certain promoting effect on oral cancer. E-cigarettes can cause dry mouth to a certain extent, but their effects are less than those of combusted cigarettes. Upon usage, e-cigarettes can also cause dental trauma and maxillofacial injuries to smokers due to e-cigarettes explosions. In summary, new types of cigarette products can promote oral diseases, although their effects are less than those of combusted cigarettes. However, due to the short history of e-cigarettes, there is still a lack of long-term prospective and large-scale case-control study. Longer-term research is needed to fully understand the impact of new types of cigarette products on oral health.
