Periodontitis-induced alveolar bone resorption and destruction significantly compromise patients′ masticatory function and aesthetics. To reconstruct and regenerate periodontal tissue defects, periodontal regenerative therapies have advanced continuously, with extensive clinical application of various bone grafts, biologic, and osteoinductive pharmacological agents. The selection of bone grafts varies depending on the surgical objectives, extent of bone destruction, and local microenvironmental conditions. This article comprehensively reviews current clinical applications of periodontal bone grafting materials and evaluates recent research progress in novel biomaterials, along with their clinical performance assessments.

Patients with stage Ⅳ periodontitis often suffer from severe damage to the periodontal supporting tissues, accompanied by complications such as periodontal abscesses and increased tooth mobility. Among these, pathologic tooth migration (PTM) is a common motivator for seeking treatment due to its impact on aesthetics and masticatory function. Managing PTM is complex and typically requires collaborative efforts from multiple disciplines involving periodontics, orthodontics, and prosthodontics to develop a comprehensive treatment plan. Restoring periodontal health through systematic periodontal therapy is a critical foundation in the treatment process. Healthy periodontal tissues serve as a key prerequisite for successful orthodontic and prosthetic interventions, ensuring the smooth implementation of multidisciplinary treatment strategies. This article systematically reviews the multidisciplinary treatment of stage Ⅳ periodontitis with pathological tooth displacement, supplemented by a clinical case involving combined periodontal-orthodontic therapy. The findings provide valuable insights for the management of such cases.

The functional imbalance between T helper 17 (Th17) and regulatory T cells (Treg) serves as a pivotal mechanism underlying multiple inflammatory disorders. Although both subsets originate from CD4⁺ T cells, they exhibit antagonistic immunological effects: Th17 drives pro-inflammatory responses while Treg maintains immune homeostasis. Deciphering the regulatory mechanisms governing Th17/Treg balance within inflammatory microenvironments is crucial for developing targeted therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on mitochondrial dynamics-the dynamic processes of fission and fusion - as an emerging regulatory dimension. By integrating recent advancements, we examine mitochondrial morphological signatures in Th17/Treg subsets and their interplay with metabolic reprogramming. Our findings establish an innovative "metabolism-immunity" interplay framework for inflammatory diseases and propose translational strategies targeting mitochondrial dynamics to rectify immune imbalance.

To evaluate the clinical effect of periodontal accelerated osteogenic orthodontics (PAOO) on periodontal soft and hard tissue modification in anterior teeth of patients with skeletal ClassⅡ malocclusion.

This study enrolled 21 patients with ClassⅡ malocclusion who underwent PAOO and orthodontics treatment in Hospital of Stomatology of Sun Yat-sen University from 2021 to 2024. Intraoral photographs and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) examinations were performed before PAOO surgery and one year after the surgery to measure labial alveolar bone thickness (LT), labial alveolar bone height (LH) and keratinized gingiva width (KGW). The LH, LT and KGW of the two groups were statistically analyzed by using Wilcoxon rank-sum test, Mann-Whitney U Test and Kruskal-Wallis H Test.

Compared to preoperative, LT at the crestal level, mid-root level and apical leval (T1, T2, T3) was significantly increased at one year postoperatively (Z_T1 = -7.828, P_T1<0.001; Z_T2 = -10.825, P_T2<0.001; Z_T3 = -10.389, P_T3<0.001), respectively, to (0.71 ± 0.08), (1.83 ± 0.09), (2.36 ± 0.16) mm. LH and KGW significantly increased (5.05 ± 0.33) and (0.78 ± 0.13) mm compared to preoperative (Z_LH = -10.357, P_LH<0.001; Z_KGW = -6.833, P_KGW<0.001). The increase of mandibular T1 and LH was higher than that of maxilla [T2_mandible = 1.99 ± 0.11, T2_maxilla = 1.51 ± 0.16; H_mandible = - (5.58 ± 0.36), H_maxilla = - (3.95 ± 0.67) ], the difference was statistically significant (Z_T2 = -2.328, P_T2 = 0.020; Z_H = -2.465, P_H = 0.014). There was no significant difference in soft and hard tissue augmentation among different teeth.

PAOO has the potential to improve periodontal soft and hard tissue.

Palatogingival groove (PGG), a congenital developmental defect, accelerates localized periodontal destruction by creating anatomic plaque-retentive niches and complex periodontal pockets. This case report describes a 30-year-old male with generalized stage Ⅲ grade C periodontitis, combined with PGG on tooth #12 and Angle Class Ⅰ malocclusion. Multidisciplinary management involved four phases: (1) Initial periodontal therapy (scaling and root planing with oral hygiene reinforcement) to suppress active inflammation; (2) Surgical intervention (open flap debridement from #13 to #21 with concomitant flowable resin sealing of the PGG on #12) to eliminate microbial reservoirs; (3) Orthodontic treatment (diastema closure and functional occlusal reconstruction) to remove traumatic occlusal forces; (4) Long-term supportive periodontal care (6-month recall visits). At 2-year follow-up, the percentage of sites with probing depth (PD) ≥4 mm decreased from 48% (baseline) to 27%. Tooth #12 exhibited localized angular bone loss palatally but increased radiodensity apically, with significant functional and aesthetic improvements. The key findings of this article were as follows. (1) Flap surgery combined with PGG sealing effectively eradicated infection and blocked anatomic pathways. (2) Periodontal-orthodontic synergy simultaneously controlled inflammation and corrected occlusal trauma. (3) Staged multidisciplinary sequencing provided a replicable framework for managing complex periodontitis.

Adult patients with skeletal Class Ⅲ and vertical growth pattern often present with periodontal soft and hard tissue defects in the mandibular anterior region, which makes orthodontic treatment alone challenging and high-risk. This article reports an adult patient with skeletal Class Ⅲ, vertical growth pattern and mandibular anterior alveolar bone dehiscence, who achieved significant improvements in both facial profile and occlusion, with stable therapeutic results through a periodontics-orthodontics-orthognathic surgery multidisciplinary treatment approach. This case highlights that appropriate periodontal intervention can effectively reduce treatment risks and improve treatment outcomes and stability for orthodontic patients with compromised periodontal conditions.

This article reports a case of multidisciplinary combined treatment for root exposure after cyst surgery, aiming to provide clinical experience for such cases. The case mainly presented with problems such as root exposure on the labial side and tooth discoloration after anterior tooth cyst surgery. A personalized multidisciplinary combined treatment plan was developed for the teeth and periodontium. After treatment, the infection in the apical area was controlled. The exposed root surface was covered by soft tissue, and the anterior teeth aesthetics were significantly improved after internal bleaching, achieving good and satisfactory results for the patient. Clinically, for cases with large soft and hard tissue defects after extensive jaw surgery, the issue of soft tissue defect repair needs to be considered on the basis of controlling inflammation as much as possible.

Periodontitis is an oral chronic inflammatory disease initiated by plaque biofilm, which can lead to the destruction of periodontal supporting tissues, compromise oral health, and decrease the quality of life of patients. As the gateway to the gastrointestinal tract, oral pathogens can easily be transferred to the upper gastrointestinal tract through saliva swallowing, suggesting that the oral cavity may be a potential source of gastrointestinal tract diseases. Recent studies have indicated a potential correlation between periodontitis and upper gastrointestinal cancers (esophageal and gastric cancers). However, the causal relationship and specific mechanisms remain unclear. This article reviews the latest research progress on the relationship between periodontitis and upper gastrointestinal cancers, aiming to provide a reference for further investigation into the mechanisms underlying the association between these two diseases.