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中华口腔医学研究杂志(电子版) ›› 2025, Vol. 19 ›› Issue (05) : 285 -292. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-1366.2025.05.001

专家笔谈

前牙美学修复中前导的设计与实现
李梓萌, 梁永丰, 马媛媛, 王晓东()   
  1. 中山大学附属口腔医院,光华口腔医学院,广东省口腔医学重点实验室,广东省口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,广州 510055
  • 收稿日期:2025-07-19 出版日期:2025-10-01
  • 通信作者: 王晓东

The design and realization of anterior guidance in aesthetic restoration

Zimeng Li, Yongfeng Liang, Yuanyuan Ma, Xiaodong Wang()   

  1. Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center of Oral Diseases, Guangzhou 510055, China
  • Received:2025-07-19 Published:2025-10-01
  • Corresponding author: Xiaodong Wang
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC2410105)
引用本文:

李梓萌, 梁永丰, 马媛媛, 王晓东. 前牙美学修复中前导的设计与实现[J/OL]. 中华口腔医学研究杂志(电子版), 2025, 19(05): 285-292.

Zimeng Li, Yongfeng Liang, Yuanyuan Ma, Xiaodong Wang. The design and realization of anterior guidance in aesthetic restoration[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Stomatological Research(Electronic Edition), 2025, 19(05): 285-292.

前牙引导下的分离在维护口颌系统健康中起着至关重要的作用,不良前导可能导致牙列磨耗、修复体机械并发症,甚至发生颞下颌关节紊乱病。前导个体化差异较大,虽然对于理想前导的定量标准尚无共识,但前导与髁导共同配合引导下颌非正中运动的过程中应满足以下5点要求:(1)前导不应限制下颌运动;(2)前伸切导斜度一般大于前伸髁导斜度;(3)前伸过程中实现前牙连续对称性引导,后牙分离;(4)侧方运动型为尖牙保护/组牙功能,工作侧磨牙及平衡侧牙列尽可能分离;(5)患者美观、发音及咀嚼等主观感受良好。临床医师在进行前牙美学修复设计和实现的过程中,应关注前导的合理性。对于合理的前导应尽可能通过数字化技术及全解剖全瓷修复体复制原前导;对于不合理或已丧失的前导在美学修复过程中应恢复其合理性。

Anterior guidance is of crucial importance for maintaining the health of oral and maxillofacial system. Inadequate anterior guidance has been demonstrated to result in tooth wear, mechanical complications of restorations, and temporomandibular joint disorders. At present, no consensus exists on quantitative standards for ideal anterior guidance due to considerable inter-individual variability. Nevertheless, it can be considered that ideal anterior guidance must adhere to five qualitative standards: (1) Anterior guidance must not disturb mandibular movement. (2) The inclination of incisal guidance must be steeper than that of the condylar guidance. (3) Symmetrical guidance of the anterior teeth and disocclusion of the posterior teeth during protrusion. (4) Lateral movement facilitated with canine protection or group function, with no interference on the balanced side. (5) Positive subjective experiences of patients in terms of aesthetics, pronunciation, and mastication. It is incumbent upon clinical dentists to prioritize the rationality of the anterior guide when designing and implementing anterior aesthetic restorations. In the event of a rational anterior guidance, there is a strong recommendation for digital occlusal function design and fully anatomical all-ceramic restorations. In cases where the anterior guidance is either irrational or ineffective, reconstruction is strongly advised during the aesthetic restoration.

图1 非正中运动过程中前导实现后牙分离病例口内像 A:牙尖交错位正面口内像;B:前伸运动过程中前牙引导,后牙分离;C ~ D:侧方运动过程中尖牙引导,后牙分离。
图2 内倾性深覆患者下颌非正中运动受限导致牙列磨耗病例口内像 A:前牙内倾性深覆;B:上颌前牙腭侧及后牙面磨耗;C:下颌前牙切端及后牙面磨耗。
图3 前牙对刃/反,无法实现后牙分离导致全口广泛性水平向磨耗病例口内像 A:牙尖交错位正面口内像;B:前牙切端见明显磨耗;C:上颌前磨牙面见明显磨耗;D:下颌后牙面见明显磨耗。
图4 修复体引发的非工作侧干扰导致全口牙列广泛性磨耗病例口内像 A:牙尖交错位正面口内像;B:上下前牙切端见明显磨耗;C:上颌前牙腭侧及后牙面见明显磨耗,后牙修复体崩瓷;D:下颌前牙切端见明显磨耗,箭头处示双侧后牙存在非工作侧干扰区域。
图5 前伸过程中单颗中切牙引导导致右上中切牙唇倾斜伴松动病例口内像 A:牙尖交错位正面口内像;B:前伸至切对切位置正面口内像。
表1 文献报道中前伸切导和前伸髁导度数间定量关系汇总表
图6 原前导合理的患者,以复制原前导为原则,设计最终修复体 A:上颌前牙根管治疗后需行冠修复;B:术前检查原有前导合理;C:口内扫描记录原天然牙形态;D:牙体预备;E:复制原前导设计前牙修复体:F:采用超透氧化锆制作全解剖修复体。
图7 需要改变原有前导的患者,通过mock-up验证新前导合理性,复制mock-up设计最终修复体 A:修复前牙尖交错位正面相;B:修复前右侧方运动尖牙与切牙共同引导;C:修复前前伸过程中4颗切牙引导;D:修复前左侧方运动尖牙与切牙共同引导;E:口内mock-up检查前导的合理性;F:mock-up右侧方运动尖牙与切牙共同引导;G:mock-up前伸过程中4颗切牙引导;H:mock-up左侧方运动尖牙与切牙共同引导;I:修复后牙尖交错位正面像;J:修复后右侧方运动尖牙与切牙共同引导;K:修复后前伸过程中4颗切牙引导;L:修复后左侧方运动尖牙与切牙共同引导。
图8 原有前导不合理的患者,通过最终修复建立合理前导 A:修复前右侧方运动磨牙接触;B:修复前前牙切端存在明显磨耗;C:修复前左侧方运动磨牙接触;D:修复后右侧方运动尖牙保护;E:修复后前伸双侧中切牙引导,后牙分离;F:修复后左侧方运动尖牙引导,后牙分离。
图9 基于前导理论的前牙美学区修复流程
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