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中华口腔医学研究杂志(电子版) ›› 2026, Vol. 20 ›› Issue (03) : 175 -188. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-1366.2026.03.003

专家笔谈

成熟恒牙牙髓炎活髓保存的材料与技术研究进展
张露月1, 李志翼1, 崔钰嘉2, 孙建勋1,()   
  1. 1口腔疾病防治全国重点实验室,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,四川大学华西口腔医院牙体牙髓病科,成都 610041
    2口腔疾病防治全国重点实验室,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,四川大学华西口腔医院儿童口腔科,成都 610041
  • 收稿日期:2026-04-16 出版日期:2026-06-01
  • 通信作者: 孙建勋

Research advances in materials and techniques for vital pulp preservation in permanent teeth pulpitis

Luyue Zhang1, Zhiyi Li1, Yujia Cui2, Jianxun Sun1,()   

  1. 1State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
    2State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
  • Received:2026-04-16 Published:2026-06-01
  • Corresponding author: Jianxun Sun
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(82571080); Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2025ZNSFSC0381); Interdisciplinary Innovation Project of West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University(RD-03-202406)
引用本文:

张露月, 李志翼, 崔钰嘉, 孙建勋. 成熟恒牙牙髓炎活髓保存的材料与技术研究进展[J/OL]. 中华口腔医学研究杂志(电子版), 2026, 20(03): 175-188.

Luyue Zhang, Zhiyi Li, Yujia Cui, Jianxun Sun. Research advances in materials and techniques for vital pulp preservation in permanent teeth pulpitis[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Stomatological Research(Electronic Edition), 2026, 20(03): 175-188.

成熟恒牙牙髓炎的传统治疗以根管治疗(RCT)为主,但其存在治疗周期长、费用较高、需去除全部牙髓组织和术后牙体抗折能力下降等问题。活髓保存治疗(VPT)以去除感染牙髓组织、严密封闭及生物活性材料诱导修复为核心,近年来在材料学与临床技术推动下,已从主要用于可复性牙髓炎及年轻恒牙逐步扩展至部分成熟恒牙、症状提示不可复性牙髓炎的病例管理。本文按照临床流程,综述成熟恒牙牙髓炎VPT的诊断与术前评估、去龋策略、盖髓与活髓切断术式、材料进展、物理辅助技术及随访评估,并对现有证据的局限、争议与未来研究方向进行辩证讨论,以期为临床决策与规范化操作提供参考。

Conventional management of permanent tooth pulpitis predominantly involves root canal therapy (RCT), which is associated with several limitations, including prolonged treatment time, increased costs, the necessity for complete removal of pulp tissue, and diminished postoperative fracture resistance of the tooth. Vital pulp therapy (VPT), which focuses on excising infected or inflamed pulp tissue, establishing an effective seal, and employing bioactive materials to promote tissue repair, has recently broadened its application. Initially reserved for reversible pulpitis and immature permanent teeth, VPT is now increasingly utilized in selected cases involving mature permanent teeth and clinical presentations suggestive of irreversible pulpitis, facilitated by advancements in biomaterials and clinical methodologies. This review examines the diagnostic and preoperative evaluation processes, caries excavation techniques, pulp capping and pulpotomy procedures, innovations in therapeutic materials, adjunctive physical technologies, and follow-up assessment protocols pertinent to VPT in mature permanent teeth, structured according to the clinical workflow. Furthermore, it critically appraises the current limitations, ongoing debates, and prospective research avenues within the existing literature, with the objective of informing clinical decision-making and promoting standardized treatment practices.

表1 成熟恒牙牙髓炎活髓保存治疗(VPT)传统诊断方法与新兴诊断技术比较
类别 方法 检测对象 优势 局限 临床可及性
传统方法 冷测/EPT 牙髓神经反应(感觉测试)。 操作简便,成本低,临床普及度高,可快速初筛牙髓反应[13,17] 反映神经反应而非血流,主观性强(依赖患者反馈),受钙化、修复体、外伤等影响可出现假阴性或解释偏差[14,15,16,17,22] 极高
叩诊 根尖周膜与根尖周组织的机械敏感性。 操作简便,无设备需求,有助于评估根尖周状态[13] 非特异性,无法直接判断牙髓活力,易受牙周或咬合因素干扰[18] 极高
根尖片/咬翼片 龋深、髓室/根管形态、既往修复情况、根尖周骨性改变。 临床普及度高,价格低,评估龋深与髓腔关系,可观察根尖周改变[13,22] 存在重叠与空间信息缺失;对早期炎症不敏感,无法直接判断牙髓活力[19,23]
新兴技术 LDF 牙髓微循环/血流灌注。 直接反映牙髓血流,客观性高,非侵入性,不依赖患者主观反馈[24,25] 设备昂贵,操作复杂,易受环境干扰(如运动、温度),标准化不足[15,26,27,28,29]
SpO2/StO2监测 牙髓氧合状态。 反映血氧饱和度,客观性高,无创检测[25,28,30] 受牙体厚度、光散射影响,灵敏度与特异性有限,缺乏统一阈值标准[15,26,27,28,29]
MRI 牙髓及根尖周软组织、血管化特征、部分炎症相关信号。 无电离辐射,软组织分辨率高,可评估牙髓结构与状态[31,32,33] 设备昂贵,可及性差,扫描时间长,对金属修复体敏感[33,34]
分子标志物 炎症介质、细胞因子、MMP和CRP等分子水平。 直接反映炎症状态,有助于炎症分级[35,36] 取样困难,检测平台不统一,阈值标准缺乏,成本高[37,38,39]
AI辅助识别 影像中的龋损、近髓龋、露髓风险、根尖周病变、根管形态等模式识别。 自动化分析,提高诊断一致性,可处理复杂影像数据[40] 依赖训练数据质量,外部验证不足,可解释性有限[41,42]
图1 成熟恒牙牙髓炎活髓保存治疗(VPT)诊疗路径流程图 DPC:直接盖髓术;PP:部分冠髓切断术;FP:全部冠髓切断术;RCT:根管治疗;NaOCl:次氯酸钠;EPT:牙髓电活力测试;CBCT:锥形束CT。
表2 常用盖髓/冠髓切断材料的特性、临床适应证及证据基础比较
材料 分类与组成特点 凝固时间与操作性 变色风险 生物相容性/抗菌性/硬组织诱导 主要适应证 主要临床证据类型及代表性随访结果 当前证据定位
氢氧化钙[Ca(OH)2][7,71] 强碱性材料,释放氢氧根离子。 操作简便,凝固较快。 一般不作为主要变色风险来源。 抗菌性较强,促矿化能力有限,牙本质桥质量较低。 间接盖髓;作为对照材料。 AAPD 2025年指南指出,在恒牙(包括成熟恒牙和未成熟恒牙)DPC中,钙硅酸盐材料较Ca(OH)2显著提高36个月成功率;网络Meta分析认为Ca(OH)2类材料失败率较高,不再推荐用于直接盖髓术或冠髓切断。 作为对照和部分间接盖髓材料保留意义较大;不宜作为成熟恒牙VPT核心推荐材料。
MTA[71,72] 水硬性硅酸钙材料,含铋氧化物显影剂,水化反应固化。 操作要求高,凝固时间长。 可导致牙齿变色,在美学区需谨慎。 生物相容性好,促修复性牙本质形成,抗菌性中等。 DPC、PP、FP,深龋及露髓病例。 临床研究报告MTA在恒牙龋源性或外伤性露髓中的临床成功率较高;AAPD 2025年指南中钙硅酸盐材料较Ca(OH)2在DPC中36个月成功率更高;MTA在成熟恒牙VPT中证据积累较充分。 证据成熟度最高,仍可作为参照或标准材料;但需重视操作性、凝固时间和变色问题。
Biodentine[71,72,73] 三钙硅酸盐基材料,氧化锆显影剂,快速水化反应。 操作较MTA简便,凝固时间短,适合单次治疗。 较低。 生物相容性好,促进矿化与牙本质桥形成,抗菌性中等。 DPC、PP、FP,美学区优先。 网络Meta分析提示Biodentine在6、12、24个月失败率方面优于Ca(OH)2,并可作为MTA的合适替代选择。 短中期证据较好,操作性和美学优势明显;成熟恒牙长期直接比较证据仍需补充。
iRoot BP Plus[71,74] 预混型硅酸钙基材料,含磷酸盐成分,即用型糊剂。 无需调拌,操作简便,凝固时间适中。 较低。 生物相容性好,促进矿化,抗菌性中等。 DPC、PP、FP,适合操作要求高和减少变色风险的病例。 系统综述总结,iRoot BP Plus在部分或全部冠髓切断中有较高临床和影像学成功率;一项成熟恒牙不可复性牙髓炎研究中,PP和FP临床成功率分别为90.9%和84.6%,随访为3个月至1年以上。 以前瞻性及回顾性研究为主;但成熟恒牙长期、多中心、直接比较证据仍不足。
CEM[71,75] 含多种钙化合物,释放钙离子,水化固化。 操作性较好,凝固时间较短。 较低。 生物相容性好,促进矿化,抗菌性中等。 DPC、PP、FP。 2024年系统性分析总结CEM具有良好的理化与生物学特性,并已用于VPT、根尖开放、根吸收/穿孔修复等多种场景;但作者也强调仍需长期、设计良好的临床试验。 材料学和临床应用前景较好;成熟恒牙VPT中的长期高质量证据仍不足。
表3 成熟恒牙活髓保存治疗(VPT)随访结局指标与失败预警信号
评价维度 可归属的结局指标 支持成功/稳定表现 提示失败、需进一步评估或干预的表现
主观症状[7,94] 临床成功;疼痛结局。 无疼痛,或短期术后不适逐渐缓解;无新的自发痛、夜间痛或持续性冷热痛。 新发或加重的自发痛、夜间痛、持续性冷热痛,需长期镇痛药控制。
软组织情况[7,94] 临床成功;感染体征。 无软组织肿胀、窦道或牙龈瘘管;牙周情况稳定。 出现肿胀、窦道、瘘管、局部压痛或异常松动,提示感染或根尖周受累。
叩诊/咬合反应[7,94] 临床成功;失败预警。 无叩痛或咬合痛;咬合关系稳定。 持续或新发叩痛、咬合痛,尤其合并根尖周影像异常时提示失败风险。
牙髓感觉测试[6,7] 牙髓活力辅助指标;临床随访辅助指标。 在可行条件下维持正常或可解释的感觉反应;结果与症状、影像学一致。 冷测/EPT长期无反应,或反应异常且伴随疼痛/影像改变;牙髓切断术后EPT结果解释需谨慎。
冠方修复体/边缘封闭[7] 修复体成功;再感染风险评估。 修复体完整,边缘密合,无继发龋或裂纹;冠方封闭稳定。 边缘渗漏、继发龋、修复体脱落/裂纹、食物嵌塞,提示再感染风险增加。
根尖片/咬翼片[6,7] 影像学成功;失败预警。 根尖周组织维持健康;无新发或扩大的根尖周透射影;无内/外吸收;无异常进行性钙化。 新发或扩大的根尖周透射影、内/外吸收、进行性根管钙化、牙周膜间隙增宽或硬骨板破坏。
修复性牙本质桥[6] 组织修复辅助指标。 可见修复性牙本质桥形成可作为有利征象。 未形成牙本质桥本身不应直接判定失败;若伴随症状或影像病变才需警惕。
CBCT[7] 影像学补充指标;再治疗决策依据。 在有明确适应证时,CBCT未见根尖周病变、内/外吸收、牙根裂纹或其他需干预的三维影像异常。 CBCT显示根尖周病变、内/外吸收、疑似牙根裂纹、根管/根尖复杂病变或其他可解释症状的病理改变,提示需进一步诊断或转入RCT、外科治疗或拔除等处理。
是否需再治疗[95,96] 失败事件;再治疗率;牙存留率。 无需进一步牙髓/根尖治疗;患牙保留并功能稳定。 因疼痛、感染、影像学病变进展、冠方封闭失败或牙体不可修复等原因需行再次VPT、RCT、根尖外科治疗或拔除。
牙存留率[92] 牙存留率。 患牙保留于口内并具备功能,即使曾接受再治疗,也可单独计入"存留"。 患牙拔除或功能丧失。
综合成功[7,94] 综合成功率。 无症状、无感染体征、影像学稳定或愈合、修复体封闭良好、无需再治疗。 任一维度出现持续性异常,尤其症状、感染体征和影像病变共同出现。
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