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中华口腔医学研究杂志(电子版) ›› 2026, Vol. 20 ›› Issue (02) : 83 -92. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-1366.2026.02.001

活髓保存专栏·专家论坛

恒牙不可复性牙髓炎的保髓之路:从经验医学向生物学导向的精准医学转变
黄雨婷, 李慧, 吴圣轩, 谭仲娟, 周子伊, 江千舟()   
  1. 广州医科大学口腔医学院·口腔医院牙体牙髓科,广东省口腔组织修复与重建工程技术研究中心,广州市口腔再生医学基础与应用研究重点实验室,广州 510000
  • 收稿日期:2026-01-30 出版日期:2026-04-01
  • 通信作者: 江千舟

Preservation of vital pulp in irreversible pulpitis of permanent teeth: Transition from empirical medicine to biologically oriented precision medicine

Yuting Huang, Hui Li, Shengxuan Wu, Zhongjuan Tan, Ziyi Zhou, Qianzhou Jiang()   

  1. Department of Endodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, China
  • Received:2026-01-30 Published:2026-04-01
  • Corresponding author: Qianzhou Jiang
  • Supported by:
    Major Clinical Technology Project of Guangzhou Region(2026C-ZD042); Major Clinical Research Project of the Scientific Research Capacity Enhancement Program of Guangzhou Medical University(GMUCR2025-02024)
引用本文:

黄雨婷, 李慧, 吴圣轩, 谭仲娟, 周子伊, 江千舟. 恒牙不可复性牙髓炎的保髓之路:从经验医学向生物学导向的精准医学转变[J/OL]. 中华口腔医学研究杂志(电子版), 2026, 20(02): 83-92.

Yuting Huang, Hui Li, Shengxuan Wu, Zhongjuan Tan, Ziyi Zhou, Qianzhou Jiang. Preservation of vital pulp in irreversible pulpitis of permanent teeth: Transition from empirical medicine to biologically oriented precision medicine[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Stomatological Research(Electronic Edition), 2026, 20(02): 83-92.

活髓保存治疗(VPT)是维持成熟恒牙功能与活力的重要手段。当前诊疗理念正逐步转向对牙髓炎症状态及修复潜能的动态评估。然而,患牙的临床症状常与真实的组织病理学状态不一致,导致VPT的保髓范围与预后判断存在不确定性,这为不可复性牙髓炎的精准治疗带来了挑战。本文系统梳理不可复性牙髓炎保髓治疗的临床诊断、相关分子标志物、盖髓材料作用及预后评估进展,以期为临床精准实施VPT提供循证参考。

Vital pulp therapy (VPT) is a critical approach for preserving the function and vitality of mature permanent teeth. Current diagnostic paradigms are progressively shifting toward dynamic evaluation of pulp inflammatory status and reparative potential. However, clinical symptoms of affected teeth often diverge from true histopathological conditions, leading to uncertainties in determining pulp preservation extent and the prognosis during VPT, which poses challenges for precise treatment of irreversible pulpitis. This article systematically reviews the clinical diagnosis of VPT in cases of irreversible pulpitis, relevant molecular biomarkers, the role of pulp capping materials, and advances in prognostic evaluation, with the aim of providing evidence-based references for the precise clinical implementation of VPT.

表1 分子标志物在牙髓状态评估中的表达特性
分类 分子标志物 表达特点 临床病理关联 指导VPT决策价值 局限之处
促炎细胞因子 IL-1β[30,34] 在不可复性牙髓炎中呈爆发性上调;是区分可复与不可复性最具前景的单一标志物之一。 与组织坏死、微脓肿形成及痛觉过敏直接相关;启动急性炎症反应。 鉴别可复性与不可复性牙髓炎的关键阈值指标。 易受个体免疫差异及采样部位(冠/根方)波动干扰。
  TNF-α[31,32] 与IL-1β协同,在急性炎症早期显著上调。 介导中性粒细胞迁移,放大炎症信号。 高水平提示急性、活跃的炎症状态,需积极控制感染。 作为早期通用炎症信号,对区分可复/不可复性的特异性有限。
  IL-6、IL-8[31,32,33] 早期炎症即显著升高,与自发痛程度呈正相关。 反映全身/局部炎症负荷(IL-6)及中性粒细胞浸润程度(IL-8)。 高水平预示冠部牙髓不可逆损伤,需考虑深度切髓。 易受全身性炎症状态背景干扰。
  IL-1α[34,35] 在有症状的不可复性牙髓炎中表达显著高于无症状者。 强效促炎因子,直接参与疼痛信号传导,加剧炎症反应。 核心鉴别指标,用于区分不可复性牙髓炎的"有症状"亚型。 与IL-1β功能有重叠,需在组合分析中明确其独立贡献。
  IL-17A[34] 在有症状的不可复性牙髓炎中表达显著升高。 介导Th17细胞免疫应答,与更强烈的炎症反应和组织破坏相关。 可作为鉴别有症状与无症状不可复性牙髓炎的敏感指标。 其表达可能受全身性自身免疫状态影响。
  IL-22[34] 在有症状的不可复性牙髓炎中表达显著升高。 参与组织屏障防御和修复,但在慢性炎症中可能加剧病理过程。 与IL-17A等组合,用于精细化区分临床症状亚型。 功能具有情境依赖性,在牙髓炎中的具体角色需进一步明确。
神经肽与痛觉因子 CGRP[31] 在剧烈跳痛阶段分泌显著增加。 强效血管舒张剂,反映神经末梢敏化与血流量改变,与疼痛密切相关。 辅助量化主观疼痛,评估神经源性炎症范围。 与组织实际修复潜能无直接线性因果关系。
  P物质[31] 在不可逆牙髓炎组织中浓度显著升高。 神经源性炎症核心介质,引发血管扩张、通透性增加,刺激免疫细胞释放炎症因子。 反映"神经-免疫"轴激活程度,高水平提示炎症自我放大循环。 在修复阶段,高水平可能抑制牙髓干细胞功能,其价值需综合判断。
蛋白水解酶 MMP-9[31,36] 在急性炎症期随组织破坏增加而激增。 直接反映ECM的降解与组织破坏。 评估牙髓组织炎症应激激活状态及剩余牙髓的支架修复潜能。 存在基线表达,健康与轻度炎症的界值需细化。
  MMP-2[34] 在有症状的不可复性牙髓炎中表达显著升高。 参与细胞外基质降解与组织重塑。 作为多重标志物组合的核心成员,用于精准鉴别有/无症状不可复牙髓炎。 单独作为诊断标志物的证据强度不及MMP-9。
生长与修复因子 BMP[37] 储存于牙本质基质,龋损脱矿时释放。 诱导牙髓干细胞向成牙本质细胞分化,启动修复性牙本质形成。 反映牙髓启动内在修复程序的能力,释放信号为积极指标。 其有效性高度依赖于局部炎症是否得到控制。
  VEGF、PDGF[37] 在修复期由细胞分泌或从基质释放。 驱动修复阶段的血管新生,为再生提供营养。 评估组织修复微环境构建能力的关键指标。 表达上调可能晚于炎症高峰,需动态监测。
  TGF-α[34] 在有症状的不可复性牙髓炎中表达显著升高。 促进细胞增殖与迁移。 高表达可能与更活跃的病理进程和症状产生相关,是症状分型组合的重要成员。 其促修复与促炎作用的平衡在牙髓炎中需具体分析。
  FGF acid[38] 在区分牙髓炎与健康状态时展现出显著诊断潜力。 促进细胞增殖、血管生成,是高质量牙本质桥形成的先决条件。 反映牙髓修复潜能储备,其存在或高水平表达是尝试保髓治疗的积极信号。 在严重炎症微环境中其功能可能被抑制。
抗炎与调节因子 IL-10[31] 在炎症刺激下与促炎因子同步上调。 经典抗炎因子,抑制促炎介质产生,调控炎症强度。 评估促炎-抗炎平衡的重要一端。较高水平可能预示炎症可控、转向修复。 必须与促炎因子比值结合分析,单独解读意义有限。
  TGF-β[31] 兼具强大抗炎与促修复再生功能。 引导组织从炎症向修复过渡的核心调控者。 评估牙髓"修复转向"潜力的核心综合性指标。 功能发挥依赖于复杂的微环境及特定的激活形式。
  IL-13[34] 在有症状的不可复性牙髓炎中表达上调。 典型Th2细胞因子,具有抗炎和调节免疫反应的作用。 作为多重标志物组合的一部分,有助于理解不可复性牙髓炎内部的免疫表型差异。 在牙髓炎免疫网络中的具体调控机制尚未完全清晰。
DNA损伤与细胞应激标志物 γ-H2AX[39,40] DNA双链断裂的标志物,其"焦点"数量反映损伤严重度。 指示最严重的DNA损伤形式,与细胞周期停滞、凋亡或衰老相关。 大量焦点预示细胞遭受严重损伤,组织走向坏死或丧失再生能力的风险极高。 检测需要免疫荧光等细胞学技术,样本处理要求高。
ROS/RNS[41] 炎症过程中由中性粒细胞等大量产生。 连接炎症与DNA损伤的核心环节,直接造成组织氧化损伤和遗传毒性。 高水平预示强烈的氧化应激微环境,是评估细胞损伤风险的指标。 难以在临床中直接、稳定测量。通常通过下游产物间接评估。
内脂素[42] 在增龄或应激诱导的牙髓细胞衰老中表达上调。 与细胞衰老过程相关,衰老细胞累积会损害组织再生微环境。 可能作为牙髓修复潜力随年龄或慢性炎症下降的分子标志物之一。 与年龄等因素强相关,在年轻患者中参考价值可能有限。
表2 新型盖髓材料的成熟度与临床特征
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