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中华口腔医学研究杂志(电子版) ›› 2026, Vol. 20 ›› Issue (02) : 110 -118. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-1366.2026.02.005

所属专题： 文献；

活髓保存专栏·综述

机械信号调控牙髓干细胞分化：研究进展与活髓保存应用展望
张凡夫1, 郑源1, 陆君卓1,2, 张凌琳1,†()   
  1. 1口腔疾病防治全国重点实验室，国家口腔医学中心，国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心，四川大学华西口腔医院牙体牙髓科，成都　610041
    2四川大学华西口腔医院锦江门诊部，成都　610041
  • 收稿日期:2026-01-26 出版日期:2026-04-01
  • 通信作者: 张凌琳

Mechanical signal regulation of dental pulp stem cell differentiation: Research progress and application prospects in vital pulp preservation

Fanfu Zhang1, Yuan Zheng1, Junzhuo Lu1,2, Linglin Zhang1,†()   

  1. 1State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdou 610041, China
    2Jinjiang Outpatient Clinic, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdou 610041, China
  • Received:2026-01-26 Published:2026-04-01
  • Corresponding author: Linglin Zhang
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(82501139); Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2024NSFSC0544)
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引用本文：

张凡夫, 郑源, 陆君卓, 张凌琳. 机械信号调控牙髓干细胞分化：研究进展与活髓保存应用展望[J/OL]. 中华口腔医学研究杂志(电子版), 2026, 20(02): 110-118.

Fanfu Zhang, Yuan Zheng, Junzhuo Lu, Linglin Zhang. Mechanical signal regulation of dental pulp stem cell differentiation: Research progress and application prospects in vital pulp preservation[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Stomatological Research(Electronic Edition), 2026, 20(02): 110-118.

机械转导（mechanotransduction）是指细胞通过机械感受器感知微环境中的机械信号，并将其转化为细胞内生化信号，进而调控细胞行为的生物学过程。在活髓保存治疗中，牙髓干细胞（DPSC）的定向分化是牙髓-牙本质复合体再生的关键环节。近年研究表明，微环境中的机械信号可通过机械转导机制显著调控DPSC的成牙本质向分化。本文系统阐述了DPSC的力学生物学基础及机械信号对DPSC行为的调控作用，分析了目前盖髓材料的机械信号特性，并总结了基于机械信号调控DPSC分化设计的生物活性材料在促进牙髓-牙本质复合体功能性再生中的应用前景。为未来研究实现结构-功能一体化的活髓保存提供新策略。

关键词: 机械转导, 牙髓干细胞, 活髓保存, 牙本质再生

Mechanotransduction is a biological process through which cells perceive mechanical signals from the microenvironment via mechanoreceptors and convert them into intracellular biochemical signals to regulate cellular behavior. In vital pulp preservation therapy, the directional differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) is a critical step for the regeneration of the pulp-dentin complex. Recent studies have shown that mechanical signals in the microenvironment can significantly regulate the odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs through mechanotransduction mechanisms. This article systematically elucidates the perception and transduction mechanisms of mechanical signals, analyzes the regulatory effects of these signals on the behavior of DPSCs, and summarizes the current deficiencies of pulp capping materials in active regulation, as well as the application prospects of bioactive materials designed based on mechanical signal regulation for promoting the functional regeneration of the pulp-dentin complex. Future research should focus on constructing material systems that integrate mechanical and biochemical regulation, shifting the design of pulp capping materials from passive coverage to active mechanical guidance, thereby providing new strategies for achieving structurally and functionally integrated vital pulp preservation.

Key words: Mechanotransduction, Dental pulp stem cells, Vital pulp preservation, Dentin regeneration
图1 微环境中机械信号调控牙髓干细胞成牙本质向分化为活髓保存提供新策略
表1 现有盖髓材料的机械特性分析
材料 弹性模量 黏弹性 降解行为 主要力学缺陷
MTA 3 ~ 8 GPa 低（近似弹性固体，应力松弛不明显） 几乎不降解 刚度过高，黏弹性不足
Biodentine 2 ~ 6 GPa 低（水化产物刚性结构） 缓慢降解 界面刚度突变
TheraCal LC 1 ~ 3 GPa 中等（树脂基质提供一定黏弹性） 不降解 拓扑结构抑制细胞迁移
氢氧化钙 低，不稳定 低（力学耗散能力差） 过快降解 力学强度不足
表2 负载机械信号的新型盖髓材料设计
文献 材料描述 实验结果
Han等[52] 浓度为3和10 mg/mL甲基丙烯化的Ⅰ型牛胶原蛋白与冷胶原蛋白聚合同心注射入牙切片 低刚度胶原水凝胶诱导DPSC的内皮分化，而高刚度对应物则促进DPSC的齿形/骨生成分化
Ma等[53] GelMA与PEGDA化学交联，激光消融工艺形成三维管状微岛 使DPSC极化并提升成牙本质向分化能力
Haeri等[54] 微管状（直径约20 µm）PMMA支架 高密度微管支架显著增强了DPSC的成牙分化
Ha等[55] GelMA水凝胶通过光刻微图化，生成60和120 µm的微沟槽和脊纹 细胞表现出拉长形态，增殖率及成牙本质向分化水平提升
Zhou等[56] 数字光处理3D生物打印GelMA-葡聚糖（Dextran）水包水乳液混合DPSC 显著增强了DPSC的成牙分化
Du等[57] 12%及20%的PLGA支架真空下结合 在封闭侧的DPSC的核内YAP定位增加，促进了成牙分化
Tan等[58] 人第三磨牙牙髓去细胞化细胞外基质 硬组织生成基因和血管母细胞基因表达增加，体内实验形成牙髓样组织
Yuan等[59] 猪牙髓去细胞化细胞外基质溶解于酸性胃蛋白酶溶液中形成dECM水凝胶 体外实验促进细胞迁移和血管生成方面优于GelMA水凝胶，体内实验形成牙髓状组织
Elnawam等[60] 牛牙髓去细胞化细胞外基质，胰蛋白酶处理后与透明质酸凝胶联合制备dECM水凝胶 水凝胶保留了ECM的结构、胶原蛋白和蛋白质含量，相较于天然ECM具有更高的降解率，并释放与牙本质-牙髓再生相关生长因子
Nurdin等[61] 白硅酸盐水泥树脂基材料+纳米SiO2 促进DPSC附着与矿化能力，降低细菌存活率
Li等[62] 丹酚酸B + GelMA光交联水凝胶 促进DPSC成牙分化，抑制IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α释放
Gui等[63] 釉基质蛋白衍生物+ GelMA 促进DPSC增殖与矿化，抑制CCL2-MMP3介导的炎症
Liu等[64] 抗坏血酸和聚乙烯甲胺热液法制备碳点 增强DPSC的ECM分泌，从而增强ECM上的细胞黏附力，并增强DPSC的骨生成/牙源分化能力
Di等[65] 筛选PDGFRβ + DPSC亚群封装于GelMA水凝胶 增强DPSC的ECM分泌，体内形成牙髓样组织
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