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中华口腔医学研究杂志(电子版) ›› 2024, Vol. 18 ›› Issue (03) : 160 -168. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-1366.2024.03.004

论著

牙周炎和糖尿病视网膜病变的因果关系:一项双向两样本孟德尔随机化分析
王叶青1, 李利彤1, 李伟绪1, 曹猛1,()   
  1. 1. 口颌系统重建与再生全国重点实验室,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,陕西省口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,第四军医大学口腔医院正畸科,西安 710032
  • 收稿日期:2024-02-21 出版日期:2024-06-01
  • 通信作者: 曹猛

The causal association between periodontitis and diabetic retinopathy: A bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization analysis

Yeqing Wang1, Litong Li1, Weixu Li1, Meng Cao1,()   

  1. 1. State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an 710032, China
  • Received:2024-02-21 Published:2024-06-01
  • Corresponding author: Meng Cao
引用本文:

王叶青, 李利彤, 李伟绪, 曹猛. 牙周炎和糖尿病视网膜病变的因果关系:一项双向两样本孟德尔随机化分析[J]. 中华口腔医学研究杂志(电子版), 2024, 18(03): 160-168.

Yeqing Wang, Litong Li, Weixu Li, Meng Cao. The causal association between periodontitis and diabetic retinopathy: A bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization analysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Stomatological Research(Electronic Edition), 2024, 18(03): 160-168.

目的

利用双向孟德尔随机化(MR)研究方法探索牙周炎与糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)之间的因果关联。

方法

从来源于欧洲人群的全基因组关联研究(GWAS)数据库GLIDE和FinnGen中分别筛选与牙周炎和DR密切相关且相互独立的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)位点作为工具变量。采用逆方差加权(IVW)、加权中位数(WM)和MR-Egger回归分析方法进行两样本MR分析,以比值比(OR)评价牙周炎和DR疾病风险之间的因果关联。采用Cochran′s Q检验分析工具变量的异质性,孟德尔随机多态性残差和离群值(MR-PRESSO)法检测SNP异常值,MR-Egger回归截距项分析基因的水平多效性,留一法敏感性检测分析单个SNP对结果的影响,从而验证结果的稳定性和可靠性。

结果

IVW分析结果不支持牙周炎与DR及其不同分期背景型糖尿病视网膜病变(BDR)和增殖型糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)之间存在因果关联[ORDR = 1.006,95% CIDR(0.945,1.071),PDR = 0.852;ORBDR = 0.978,95% CIBDR(0.862,1.109),PBDR = 0.730;ORPDR = 0.996,95% CIPDR(0.948,1.046),PPDR = 0.869]。WM和MR-Egger分析所得结果与IVW法一致。采用Cochran′s Q和MR-PRESSO检验表明纳入的工具变量SNP之间无显著异质性(P>0.05);MR-Egger回归截距项显示纳入的SNP不存在多效性(P>0.05);留一法分析未发现显著影响结果的SNP。

结论

基于欧洲人群的MR分析结果不支持牙周炎与DR之间存在双向因果关联。

Objective

To evaluate the causal relationship between periodontitis and diabetic retinopathy (DR) with Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis.

Methods

Mutually independent SNP associated with periodontitis and DR were screened out separately from two Genome-wide association study (GWAS) databases (GLIDE and FinnGen) and selected as instrumental variables. A bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization analysis was conducted with methods of inverse variance weighted (IVW) , MR-Egger regression and weighted median (WM) . The causal association between periodontitis and DR was estimated with odds ratios (OR) . Cochran′s Q test was employed to assess the heterogeneity between individual single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) . Additionally, the Mendelian randomization pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO) test was used to detect SNP outliers. The MR-Egger intercept test was used to assess the horizontal pleiotropy of SNP, and a leave-one-out sensitivity analysis was performed to examine the influence of individual SNP on the overall results.

Results

IVW did not support a causal relationship between periodontitis and DR and its different stages background diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) [ORDR = 1.006, 95% CIDR (0.945, 1.071) , PDR = 0.852; ORBDR = 0.978, 95% CIBDR (0.862, 1.109) , PBDR = 0.730; ORPDR = 0.996, 95% CIPDR (0.948, 1.046) , PPDR = 0.869]. The results of Cochran′s Q test, MR-PRESSO, and the MR-Egger intercept test revealed no heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy among instrumental variables (P>0.05) . Furthermore, the leave-one-out sensitivity analysis confirmed that individual SNP had no significant influence on the overall results.

Conclusion

This MR study did not support a bidirectional causal association between periodontitis and DR in European populations.

表1 相关表型的全基因组关联研究数据信息
图1 双向两样本孟德尔随机化方法分析流程图注:本研究采用双向两样本孟德尔随机化方法分析牙周炎与糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)及其不同分期之间的因果关系。牙周炎的工具变量来自GLIDE数据库(https://data.bris.ac.uk/data/dataset/2j2rqgzedxlq02oqbb4vmycnc2),DR的工具变量来源于FinnGen数据库(https://www.FinnGen.fi/en)。GWAS:全基因组关联研究;DR:糖尿病视网膜病变;BDR:背景型糖尿病视网膜病变;PDR:增殖型糖尿病视网膜病变;SNP:单核苷酸多态性;MR-PRESSO:孟德尔随机多态性残差和离群值;MR:孟德尔随机化;IVW:逆方差加权法;MR-Egger:MR-Egger回归法;WM:加权中位数法。
表2 牙周炎作为暴露时所纳入的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)工具变量信息
SNP chr EA OA EAF 牙周炎 DR BDR PDR F
β SE P β SE P β SE P β SE P
rs10143801 14 A G 0.265 -0.084 0.017 8.66 × 10-7 0.008 0.017 0.651 0.059 0.035 0.085 0.010 0.014 0.463 24.131
rs13220384 6 A C 0.120 0.108 0.024 7.70 × 10-6 0.009 0.026 0.732 0.075 0.052 0.151 0.001 0.021 0.980 20.100
rs138868497 11 T C 0.010 1.639 0.332 8.20 × 10-7 0.015 0.071 0.834 -0.035 0.143 0.805 -0.013 0.056 0.821 24.304
rs139182625 16 T C 0.136 0.102 0.023 8.87 × 10-6 -0.001 0.021 0.960 0.074 0.042 0.077 0.001 0.017 0.948 19.762
rs148287804 2 T G 0.016 -0.383 0.085 6.22 × 10-6 -0.047 0.065 0.467 0.139 0.131 0.289 -0.029 0.051 0.568 20.436
rs151226594 11 T G 0.018 -0.367 0.077 1.75 × 10-6 -0.043 0.057 0.453 -0.011 0.113 0.923 -0.047 0.045 0.297 22.848
rs17071023 3 C G 0.020 -0.267 0.059 6.58 × 10-6 -0.008 0.031 0.801 -0.012 0.062 0.843 -0.001 0.024 0.963 20.334
rs184267209 12 A G 0.026 0.246 0.055 8.91 × 10-6 0.001 0.048 0.990 -0.139 0.096 0.148 0.022 0.037 0.554 19.717
rs2921075 8 C G 0.295 0.092 0.018 5.44 × 10-7 -0.013 0.023 0.575 -0.012 0.046 0.797 -0.006 0.018 0.725 25.055
rs35666676 1 A C 0.102 0.124 0.028 7.39 × 10-6 0.017 0.026 0.508 0.067 0.052 0.197 0.000 0.021 0.991 20.039
rs3779291 7 T C 0.140 -0.098 0.022 7.11 × 10-6 -0.016 0.026 0.530 0.053 0.052 0.310 -0.005 0.021 0.808 20.106
rs4811024 20 C G 0.099 -0.134 0.029 4.62 × 10-6 0.010 0.032 0.765 0.031 0.065 0.637 0.001 0.025 0.960 20.965
rs72712882 9 A G 0.085 -0.131 0.029 5.84 × 10-6 0.027 0.023 0.252 0.013 0.047 0.772 0.001 0.018 0.964 20.564
rs73155039 7 A G 0.011 0.832 0.176 2.22 × 10-6 -0.030 0.105 0.775 0.072 0.209 0.730 -0.040 0.084 0.630 22.402
rs76734229 18 A G 0.068 -0.176 0.037 1.94 × 10-6 0.008 0.029 0.790 0.032 0.058 0.577 0.008 0.023 0.730 22.652
rs9954920 18 T C 0.337 0.077 0.016 2.37 × 10-6 -0.004 0.018 0.817 0.023 0.035 0.518 -0.011 0.014 0.429 22.258
表3 糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)作为暴露时所纳入的部分单核苷酸多态性(SNP)工具变量信息
图2 3种不同方法获得的两样本孟德尔随机化(MR)估计值的森林图 森林图展示了MR不同方法的分析结果。蓝色方块代表暴露增加导致结局风险的比值比(OR),蓝色水平线表示估计值的95%置信区间(CI)。采用Bonferroni法校正检验水准,当P<0.017时,表示分析结果存在潜在的因果关系。nSNP:单核苷酸多态性位点数目;DR:糖尿病视网膜病变;BDR:背景型糖尿病视网膜病变;PDR:增殖型糖尿病视网膜病变;IVW:逆方差加权法;WM:加权中位数法。
图3 留一法(leave-one-out)检验孟德尔随机化(MR)分析的敏感性 A ~ C:牙周炎作为暴露,糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)、背景型糖尿病视网膜病变(BDR)和增殖型糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)依次作为结局;D ~ F:DR、BDR和PDR依次作为暴露,牙周炎作为结局。横坐标表示去除SNP后因果效应的置信区间;Periodontitis:牙周炎。
表4 异质性和多效性检验
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