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中华口腔医学研究杂志(电子版) ›› 2022, Vol. 16 ›› Issue (01) : 59 -65. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-1366.2022.01.010

综述

上颌骨宽度不足诊断方法的研究进展
张丹楠1, 雍敏2, 崔文月3, 刘伟3,()   
  1. 1. 宁夏医科大学口腔医学院,银川 750003
    2. 宁夏医科大学总医院口腔医院正畸科,银川 750003
    3. 宁夏医科大学附属银川市口腔医院正畸科,银川 750002
  • 收稿日期:2021-08-31 出版日期:2022-02-01
  • 通信作者: 刘伟

Research progress in the diagnosis of the maxillary transverse deficiencies

Dannan Zhang1, Min Yong2, Wenyue Cui3, Wei Liu3,()   

  1. 1. School of Stomatology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750003, China
    2. Department of Orthodontics, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750000
    3. Department of Orthodontics, Yinchuan Stomatological Hospital, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750002
  • Received:2021-08-31 Published:2022-02-01
  • Corresponding author: Wei Liu
  • Supported by:
    Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia(2021AAC03524); Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Science and Technology Benefit Program(2021CMG03025)
引用本文:

张丹楠, 雍敏, 崔文月, 刘伟. 上颌骨宽度不足诊断方法的研究进展[J]. 中华口腔医学研究杂志(电子版), 2022, 16(01): 59-65.

Dannan Zhang, Min Yong, Wenyue Cui, Wei Liu. Research progress in the diagnosis of the maxillary transverse deficiencies[J]. Chinese Journal of Stomatological Research(Electronic Edition), 2022, 16(01): 59-65.

上颌骨宽度不足常伴有后牙反和咬合干扰,对牙周组织、颞下颌关节、上气道及颌面部的正常发育等造成一系列不良影响。正确诊断上颌骨宽度不足、建立协调的颌骨间横向关系、达到稳定的咬合对患者的口颌系统及全身健康具有重要意义。在各类错畸形中,宽度问题也是治疗中首要解决的问题。然而,目前对于上颌骨宽度不足缺乏诊断的金标准,且诊断方法多样,准确性不一,随着锥形束CT(CBCT)的广泛应用,多种CBCT横向分析法被提出。本文对上颌骨宽度不足的诊断方法作一综述,为临床医生精准诊断和矫治设计提供参考。

Maxillary transverse discrepancy is often accompanied by posterior crossbite and occlusal interference, which has a series of adverse effects on the periodontium, temporomandibular joint, upper airway and maxillofacial development. Correct diagnosis of a maxillary transverse discrepancy and the establishment of ideal maxillary transverse relationship, as well as the stable occlusion are of great significance to patients′ oral and systemic health. In all kinds of malocclusion, the transverse problem is also the primary problem to be solved in the treatment. However, diagnostic methods vary in accuracy at present, and there is no gold standard for diagnosing maxillary insufficiency. With the wide application of CBCT, a variety of CBCT transverse analysis methods have been proposed. This study reviews the diagnostic methods of maxillary transverse discrepancy to provide a reference for clinician precision diagnosis and correction design.

图1 附着龈和牙槽黏膜交界处软组织带上的最凸点(WALA嵴)、磨牙牙冠轴面中心点、基骨及下颌磨牙阻抗中心位置示意图[16] 红点为WALA嵴所在位置;蓝点代表FA点,为磨牙牙冠轴面中心点,在临床冠长轴龈向的等分点上;绿点为下颌磨牙阻抗中心点;红色轮廓线内为基骨所在位置。
图2 使用Andrews要素Ⅲ分析法对1例患者上颌骨宽度诊断过程示意图
图3 牙槽嵴中心位置确定方法示意图 A ~ B所示的为第一种方法:游标卡尺放置于第一磨牙区颊舌侧的釉牙骨质界稍下方靠近根尖区,通过测量颊舌侧厚度来确定牙槽嵴中线;C ~ D所示的是第二种方法:直接目测牙槽嵴中心位置,不需要游标卡尺。其中A、C中红色线段十字交点为上颌骨宽度测量标志点,B、D中黑色线段十字交点为下颌骨宽度测量标志点。
图4 Ricketts分析法测量标志点位置示意图 图中蓝点为上颌颧牙槽嵴点(Mx),是上颌骨宽度的测量标志点;黄点为下颌骨角前切迹点(Ag),是下颌骨宽度的测量标志点。
表1 Ricketts分析法中不同年龄段上、下颌骨宽度、宽度间差值及百分比的正常值范围[22]
图5 宾夕法尼亚大学锥形束CT横向分析法测量标志点定位示意图 先在B图(冠状面)上找到经过下颌双侧第一磨牙中点的截面,再转到A图(轴状面)上找到双侧下颌第一磨牙根分叉处对应的颊侧骨密质点,用红点标志,左、右两点距离为下颌基骨宽度;同理,先在D图(冠状面)上找到经过上颌双侧第一磨牙根分叉点的截面,再在C图(轴状面)找到经过双侧上颌结节与颧弓的交点,用红点标志,左、右两点距离为上颌基骨的宽度。
图6 直接Miner分析法(CBT)中宽度及角度位置示意图 图中S点、S′点分别为上、下颌骨宽度测量标志点,位于左、右两侧第一磨牙颊根根尖点到颊侧牙槽嵴顶连线中点水平对应的舌、腭侧牙槽骨上。红色线段(S-S、S′-S′)的长度为上、下颌骨的宽度。黑色线段所成角为上、下颌第一磨牙倾斜角度,上颌第一磨牙中央窝至根分叉点的连线与功能平面之间的夹角为上颌第一磨牙倾斜角,下颌第一磨牙中央窝至根尖点的连线与功能平面的夹角为下颌第一磨牙倾斜角。
表2 直接Miner分析法(CBT)中各测量项目正常值范围[11]
图7 韩国延世大学锥形束CT横向分析法定点示意图[28] 图中4个蓝点为第一磨牙的阻抗中心点(靠近根分叉点),上、下颌双侧第一磨牙根分叉中心点之间的连线距离分别为上、下颌基骨宽度。
图8 凯斯西储大学锥形束CT横向分析法测量项目及正常值[29] A、C:上、下颌尖牙倾斜角度及正产值范围;B、D:上、下颌第一磨牙倾斜角度及正常值范围;E、F:上、下颌尖牙间倾斜角及上、下颌第一磨牙间倾斜角及正产值范围。上颌磨牙长轴为近中腭尖至腭根根尖的连线,下颌磨牙长轴为中央窝至近中根根尖点的连线,尖牙长轴为牙尖至根尖点的连线。测量上颌牙齿角度时,鼻腔下缘的连线为参考线,测量下颌角度时,两侧下颌下缘的连线为参考线。
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