Cleft lip and palate (CL/P) is one of the most common craniofacial deformities. The main impact of cleft palate on patients is speech disorders, and speech therapy is the main method to solve speech disorders after cleft palate surgery. In recent years, the impact of speech therapy on the brain regions of CL/P speech disorder patients has become a concern. Current research has found that through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) examination, changes in the structure and function of the relevant brain regions of CL/P speech disorder patients have been observed. Therefore, whether speech therapy has an impact on the brain neural network of CL/P speech disorder patients has great significance for guiding clinical treatment. This article reviews the current status and progress of fMRI research on the impact of speech therapy on brain regions of patients with CL/P speech disorders.