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中华口腔医学研究杂志(电子版) ›› 2023, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (02) : 111 -117. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-1366.2023.02.008

儿童口腔疾病专栏·论著

儿童牙科畏惧症的影响因素及其与父母教养方式的相关性研究
赵宏1,(), 崔红1, 宋雪杨1, 曾敏敏1   
  1. 1. 中国医科大学附属口腔医院儿童口腔科,沈阳 110002
  • 收稿日期:2022-12-03 出版日期:2023-04-01
  • 通信作者: 赵宏

Influencing factors of children′s dental fear and anxiety and its correlation with parental rearing styles

Hong Zhao1,(), Hong Cui1, Xueyang Song1, Minmin Zeng1   

  1. 1. Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, China
  • Received:2022-12-03 Published:2023-04-01
  • Corresponding author: Hong Zhao
  • Supported by:
    2017 The scientific research project subject of China Medical University nursing school(2017HL-12)
引用本文:

赵宏, 崔红, 宋雪杨, 曾敏敏. 儿童牙科畏惧症的影响因素及其与父母教养方式的相关性研究[J]. 中华口腔医学研究杂志(电子版), 2023, 17(02): 111-117.

Hong Zhao, Hong Cui, Xueyang Song, Minmin Zeng. Influencing factors of children′s dental fear and anxiety and its correlation with parental rearing styles[J]. Chinese Journal of Stomatological Research(Electronic Edition), 2023, 17(02): 111-117.

目的

探讨儿童牙科畏惧症(DF)的影响因素及其与父母教养方式的相关性。

方法

选择2018年3—11月在中国医科大学附属口腔医院儿童口腔科就诊的4 ~ 12岁患儿及其家长,征得同意后进行问卷调查。采用一般人口学问卷调查父母与患儿的人口社会学资料,教养方式采用中文版父母教养方式问卷;儿童DF采用"改良儿童牙科焦虑面部表情量表中文版"问卷,由调查者指导患儿根据面部表情填写。采用SPSS 20.0进行数据分析。采用频数、率、构成比进行描述性统计分析;采用卡方检验分析不同影响因素对DF的影响;采用Pearson相关性分析探索父母教养方式与DF的关系;采用多元线性回归找出DF的影响因素。

结果

本研究共发放问卷400份,回收有效问卷357份,有效回收率89.25%。其中男孩168例(畏惧症74例)、女孩189例(畏惧症90例),DF发生率为45.94%。相关性分析发现,父亲教养方式与儿童DFA无相关性(P>0.05),母亲教养方式的拒绝维度(r = 0.18,95% CI = 0.023 ~ 0.318,P = 0.003)与过度保护维度(r = 0.27,95% CI = 0.138 ~ 0.392,P<0.001)与儿童DF正相关,而情感温暖维度与儿童DF负相关(r = -0.12,95% CI = -0.238 ~ 0.016,P = 0.048)。多元线性回归分析结果显示,照顾者是否存在牙科恐惧(95% CI = -2.685 ~ -0.889,P<0.001)、照顾者是否关注口腔健康(95% CI = 1.078 ~ 3.544,P<0.001)、患儿第几次看牙(95% CI = 0.840 ~ 4.831,P = 0.005)、谁是主要照顾者(95% CI = -4.897 ~ -0.732,P = 0.008)、父母年龄(95% CI = 0.031 ~ 0.402,P = 0.022)、儿童年龄(95% CI = -0.859 ~ -0.108,P = 0.012)及母亲的过度保护维度(95% CI = 0.039 ~ 0.570,P = 0.025)进入了回归方程。

结论

影响儿童DF的因素是复杂多样的,除了患儿本身的年龄、看牙次数、照顾者是谁、照顾者的年龄、是否存在牙科恐惧和对口腔健康的关注程度都是影响儿童DF的因素。同时,临床中应关注母亲教养方式对DF的影响,提倡情感温暖型教养方式,不提倡拒绝及过度保护型教养方式。

Objective

To investigated the influencing factors of children′s dental fear (DF) and anxiety and its correlation with parenting styles.

Methods

A total of 357 children (aged 4 to 12) and their parents admitted to Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University from March to November in 2018. After obtaining consent, a questionnaire survey was conducted. General demographic questionnaire was used to investigate the demographic sociological data of parents and children. For the parents, the Chinese version of the parenting style questionnaire was used; for children, the Chinese face version of the modified child dental anxiety scale was used. The investigator instructed the children to fill in according to the facial expression. SPSS 20.0 software was used for data analysis. Frequency, rate and component ratio were used for descriptive statistical analysis. Chi-square test was used to analyze the influence of different factors on children′s DF. Pearson correlation was used to explore the relationship between parenting style and children′s DF. Multiple linear regression was used to find out the influencing factors of children′s DF.

Results

A total of 400 questionnaires were sent out and 357 valid questionnaires were collected, with effective recovery of 89.25%. There were 168 boys (DF = 74) and 189 girls (DF = 90), the incidence of DF was 45.94%. Correlation analysis showed that there was no correlation between paternal parenting style and DF (P>0.05). The dimensions of maternal parenting rejection (r = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.023 ~ 0.318, P = 0.003) and overprotection (r = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.138 ~ 0.392, P<0.001) were positively correlated with children′s DF, while the dimensions of emotional warmth (r = -0.12, 95% CI = -0.238 ~ 0.016, P = 0.048) were negatively correlated with children′s DF. Multiple linear regression analysis found that whether the caregiver had fear (95% CI = -2.685 ~ -0.889, P<0.001), whether the caregiver was concerned about oral health (95% CI = 1.078 ~ 3.544, P<0.001), how many times has the child visited a dentist (95% CI = 0.840 ~ 4.831, P = 0.005), who was the primary caregiver (95% CI = -4.897 ~ -0.732, P = 0.008), the age of parents (95% CI = 0.031 ~ 0.402, P = 0.022) and children (95% CI = -0.859 ~ -0.108, P = 0.012) and maternal overprotection (95% CI = 0.039 ~ 0.570, P = 0.025) entered the regression equation.

Conclusions

The various influencing factors of children′s DF were complicated. In addition to the age of the children and the number of dental visits, who was the primary caregiver, the caregiver′s age, their dental fear, and the degree of attention to oral health were the affecting factors of children′s DF. And at the same time, clinical attention should be paid to the influence of maternal parenting style on DF, which advocates emotional warmth rather than rejection and overprotection.

表1 本研究儿童牙科畏惧症(DF)发生情况(n = 357)
影响因素 例数(%) 有畏惧症[例(%)] 无畏惧症[例(%)] χ2 P
性别       0.457 0.499
168(47.1) 74(44.0) 94(56.0)    
189(52.9) 90(47.6) 99(52.4)    
年龄       5.442 0.066
4 ~ 6岁 186(52.1) 96(51.6) 90(48.4)    
7 ~ 9岁 118(33.1) 45(38.1) 73(61.9)    
10 ~ 12岁 53(14.8) 23(43.4) 30(56.6)    
是否独生子女       0.843 0.358
261(73.1) 123(47.1) 138(52.9)    
96(26.9) 40(41.7) 56(58.3)    
是否有过看牙经历       10.036 0.002
287(80.4) 120(41.8) 167(58.2)    
70(19.6) 44(62.9) 26(37.1)    
第几次看牙       16.853 0.000
第1次 77(21.6) 48(62.3) 29(37.7)    
第2次 90(25.2) 47(52.2) 43(47.8)    
≥3次 190(53.2) 69(36.3) 121(63.7)    
谁是主要照顾者       8.024 0.046
父亲 14(3.9) 8(57.1) 6(42.9)    
母亲 223(62.5) 113(50.7) 110(49.3)    
父母等同 77(21.6) 26(33.8) 51(66.2)    
祖辈 43(12.0) 17(39.5) 26(60.5)    
照顾者是否存在牙科恐惧       13.146 0.004
非常恐惧 44(12.3) 29(65.9) 15(34.1)    
比较恐惧 102(28.6) 50(49.0) 52(51.0)    
一般恐惧 137(38.4) 60(43.8) 77(56.2)    
不恐惧 74(20.7) 24(32.4) 50(67.6)    
居住地       5.693 0.058
城市 283(79.3) 110(38.9) 173(61.1)    
城镇 44(12.3) 23(52.3) 21(47.7)    
农村 30(8.4) 17(56.7) 13(43.3)    
照顾者是否关注口腔健康       12.965 0.005
非常关注 184(51.5) 71(38.6) 113(61.4)    
一般关注 132(37.0) 65(49.2) 67(50.8)    
不太关注 30(8.4) 21(70.0) 9(30.0)    
不关注 11(3.1) 7(63.6) 4(36.4)    
父亲学历       8.341 0.039
研究生 9(11.7) 5(55.6) 4(44.4)    
本科及大专 39(50.6) 20(51.3) 19(48.7)    
高中及中专 17(22.1) 12(70.6) 5(29.4)    
其他 12(15.6) 2(16.7) 10(83.3)    
母亲学历       6.150 0.105
研究生 31(11.1) 14(45.2) 17(54.8)    
本科及大专 147(52.5) 57(38.8) 90(61.2)    
高中及中专 71(25.3) 35(49.3) 36(50.7)    
其他 31(11.1) 19(61.3) 12(38.7)    
父亲职业       11.833 0.037
工人 10(13.0) 4(40.0) 6(60.0)    
农民 6(7.8) 2(33.3) 4(66.7)    
自由职业 24(31.1) 12(50.0) 12(50.0)    
知识分子 12(15.6) 8(66.7) 4(33.3)    
干部 9(11.7) 1(11.1) 8(88.9)    
其他 16(20.8) 12(75.0) 4(25.0)    
母亲职业       7.440 0.190
工人 22(7.9) 8(36.4) 14(63.6)    
农民 14(5.0) 10(71.4) 4(28.6)    
自由职业 93(33.2) 46(49.5) 47(50.5)    
知识分子 55(19.6) 23(41.8) 32(58.2)    
干部 14(5.0) 7(50.0) 7(50.0)    
其他 82(29.3) 31(37.8) 51(62.2)    
主要照顾者月收入       5.895 0.207
≤3 000元 86(24.1) 47(54.7) 39(45.3)    
3 001 ~ 5 000元 139(38.9) 61(43.9) 78(56.1)    
5 001 ~ 8 000元 81(22.7) 36(44.4) 45(55.6)    
8 001 ~ 10 000元 19(5.3) 5(26.3) 14(73.7)    
>10 000元 32(9.0) 15(46.9) 17(53.1)    
表2 母亲教养方式与儿童牙科畏惧症(DF)的相关性分析结果
表3 儿童牙科畏惧症(DF)的多元线性回归
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