淀粉样蛋白介导的生物矿化：从矿化机制到仿生硬组织修复

doi:10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-1366.2026.04.002

生物矿化是指生物体通过细胞与有机基质的共同作用，在受控的微环境中生成无机矿物质的生物学过程，它是骨骼、牙齿和贝壳等硬组织形成的基础。在此过程中，矿物质的成核、晶体生长和层级组装受到特定蛋白质的严格调控。近年来，功能性淀粉样蛋白因其独特的结构特征、卓越的机械性能及聚集特性，在生物矿化中的调控作用备受关注。越来越多的研究表明，功能性淀粉样蛋白及其前体内在无序蛋白在矿物成核、晶体生长及矿物相的层级组装方面发挥着关键作用。淀粉样蛋白不仅在阿尔茨海默病等神经退行性疾病中被广泛研究，其独特的自组装特性也为生物材料、再生医学和纳米技术开辟了新的机遇。本文系统综述了生物矿化的经典与非经典结晶理论、淀粉样蛋白的结构特性及其诱导矿化的分子机制，并探讨了淀粉样蛋白在牙体、骨等硬组织仿生修复中的研究进展。

关键词: 生物矿化, 淀粉样蛋白, 内在无序蛋白, 仿生材料, 硬组织修复

Biomineralization is the biological process by which organisms produce inorganic minerals within a regulated microenvironment through the coordinated actions of cells and the extracellular organic matrix. It underpins the formation of mineralized tissues such as bone, teeth, and shells. During this process, mineral nucleation, crystal growth, and hierarchical assembly are tightly regulated by specific matrix proteins. In recent years, functional amyloid proteins have attracted considerable attention for their regulatory role in biomineralization due to their unique structure, remarkable mechanical stability, and self-assembly capability. Increasing evidence indicates that functional amyloid proteins, together with their intrinsically disordered precursor proteins, play critical roles in controlling mineral nucleation, crystal growth, and the hierarchical organization of mineral phases in vivo. Although amyloid proteins are best known for their association with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, their unique self-assembly behavior has also opened new opportunities in biomaterials, regenerative medicine, and nanotechnology. This review systematically summarizes both classical and non-classical theories of biomineralization, discusses the structural characteristics of amyloid proteins and the molecular mechanisms underlying amyloid-mediated mineralization, and highlights recent advances in the application of amyloid proteins for the biomimetic regeneration of mineralized tissues, particularly bone and dental hard tissues.

Key words: Biomineralization, Amyloid proteins, Intrinsically disordered proteins, Biomimetic materials, Hard tissue repair

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Functional amyloids in biomineralization: From molecular mechanisms to biomimetic hard tissue repair

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Functional amyloids in biomineralization: From molecular mechanisms to biomimetic hard tissue repair