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中华口腔医学研究杂志(电子版) ›› 2026, Vol. 20 ›› Issue (04) : 279 -293. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-1366.2026.04.005

生物材料专栏·专家笔谈

基于人工智能的新型抗菌肽的筛选、设计和优化
王晓宇, 雒家玉, 于晓琳()   
  1. 中山大学附属口腔医院,光华口腔医学院,广东省口腔医学重点实验室,广东省口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,广州 510055
  • 收稿日期:2026-05-06 出版日期:2026-08-01
  • 通信作者: 于晓琳

Screening, design, and optimization of novel antimicrobial peptides based on artificial intelligence

Xiaoyu Wang, Jiayu Luo, Xiaolin Yu()   

  1. Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center of Oral Diseases, Guangzhou 510055, China
  • Received:2026-05-06 Published:2026-08-01
  • Corresponding author: Xiaolin Yu
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(U22A20316, 81801012); Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of Sun Yat-sen University(20260616)
引用本文:

王晓宇, 雒家玉, 于晓琳. 基于人工智能的新型抗菌肽的筛选、设计和优化[J/OL]. 中华口腔医学研究杂志(电子版), 2026, 20(04): 279-293.

Xiaoyu Wang, Jiayu Luo, Xiaolin Yu. Screening, design, and optimization of novel antimicrobial peptides based on artificial intelligence[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Stomatological Research(Electronic Edition), 2026, 20(04): 279-293.

抗菌肽(AMP)凭借广谱抗菌、低耐药诱导等优势,已成为新型抗菌制剂的研究热点。传统AMP的设计依赖天然产物分离提取和有限的序列修饰,导致新型AMP挖掘范围较窄,人工筛选效率低。随着人工智能(AI)技术的快速发展,AI已在AMP虚拟筛选、抑菌活性预评估、AMP的从头生成及序列定向优化领域取得突破,可大幅缩短传统肽分子筛选周期、降低实验室合成与验证成本。本文通过梳理主要AMP数据库的特征和相关AI算法的技术原理,阐明AI在AMP筛选、设计和优化中的应用策略,并分析当前研究中存在的数据集标准化不足、体内验证体系不完善及学科交叉衔接薄弱等问题,为新型AMP的研发和临床应用提供参考。

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have become a major focus in the development of novel antimicrobial agents due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and extremely low risk of inducing resistance. Traditional AMP design strategies have relied primarily on the isolation and extraction of natural products, along with limited sequence modifications, which has greatly restricted the discovery of new candidate molecules and led to inefficient in vitro screening processes. With rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), significant breakthroughs have been achieved in the virtual screening of AMPs, preliminary prediction of antibacterial activity, de novo design of peptide sequences, and targeted optimization of peptide structures and functions, thereby significantly shortening research timelines and reducing overall development costs. This article systematically reviews the core features of mainstream antimicrobial peptide databases and the fundamental mechanisms of commonly used AI algorithms, and further elaborates on feasible strategies for applying AI to antimicrobial peptide screening, design, and structural optimization. At the same time, it identifies key bottlenecks in current research, such as the lack of standardized datasets, immature in vivo evaluation systems, and insufficient interdisciplinary collaboration. This review provides valuable insights and theoretical support for the subsequent research, translational development, and clinical application of next-generation antimicrobial peptides.

图1 基于人工智能(AI)的抗菌肽(AMP)筛选、设计和优化技术流程图
表1 常用抗菌肽(AMP)数据库
表2 常用传统机器学习(ML)算法
表3 常用深度学习(DL)算法
表4 基于人工智能(AI)的抗菌肽(AMP)筛选研究成果汇总
文献 主要算法框架 生物学序列类型 生物学序列来源 湿实验验证
Gawde等[10] SVM+RF+ANN / / 未进行湿实验验证
Wang等[25] CNN+ATT+LSTM+Transformer 基因组 人类口腔微生物组 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测,抗菌机制探索,小鼠大腿感染模型
Lee等[30] NLP+BERT / / 未进行湿实验验证
Hao等[33] GAT+PLM / / 未进行湿实验验证
Santos-Júnior等[40] RF 宏基因组和基因组 全球微生物 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测,抗菌机制探索,小鼠皮肤感染模型
Ma等[41] ATT+LSTM+BERT 宏基因组 人类肠道微生物 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测,小鼠肺部感染模型
Maasch等[42] RF 蛋白质组 灭绝亲属尼安德特人和丹尼索瓦人 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测,抗菌机制探索,小鼠皮肤及大腿感染模型
Wan等[43] FCNN 蛋白质组 灭绝物种 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测,抗菌机制探索,小鼠皮肤及大腿感染模型
Huang等[44] XGBoost+LSTM+RF+CNN 计算机虚拟的理论上所有可能的短肽序列空间 / 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测,抗菌机制探索,小鼠大腿及肺部感染模型
Ruiz Puentes等[45] GCN 基因组 大肠杆菌 体外抗菌实验,抗菌机制探索
Torres等[46] FCNN 蛋白质组 古细菌 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测,抗菌机制探索,小鼠皮肤及大腿感染模型
Sharma等[47] CNN+SVM 基因组 水蛭 未进行湿实验验证
Yan等[48] CNN+RAAC 基因组 光滑念珠菌 体外抗菌实验
Luo等[49] PLM+GAT 多肽库 UniRef90数据库 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测
Li等[50] BERT+CNN 基因组 大型原生生物 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测
Duque-Salazar等[51] RF+SVM+DA+ANN 蛋白质组 菌、藻类和无脊椎动物在内的九种生物 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测
Ran等[52] SVM+RF+CNN+XGBoost 多肽组 汇总的对禾谷镰孢菌具有抗真菌活性的抗菌肽 体外抗菌实验,抗菌机制探索,分子动力学模拟
Kim等[53] SVM+RF+ANN 转录组 美洲蟑螂 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测
Yan等[54] CNN+ATT / / 未进行湿实验验证
Chen等[55] SVM+RF+ANN+kNN+CNN+VAE+RNN+LSTM 非抗菌蛋白库 章鱼双斑类 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测,抗菌机制探索
Lin等[56] NLP+LSTM / / 未进行湿实验验证
Gull等[57] SVM+XGBoost / / 未进行湿实验验证
Fjell等[58] HMM / / 未进行湿实验验证
Yang等[59] RF+LSTM / / 未进行湿实验验证
Lin等[60] SVM+RF / / 未进行湿实验验证
Lata等[61] ANN+QM+SVM / / 未进行湿实验验证
Cai等[62] BERT / / 未进行湿实验验证
Hartman等[63] CNN 多肽组 串联质谱生成的急性伤口液、未感染伤口及感染金黄色葡萄球菌伤口的肽组数据集 未进行湿实验验证
Shehadeh等[64] SVM / / 未进行湿实验验证
Guan等[65] FCNN 蛋白质组 毒液组学 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测,抗菌机制探索,小鼠皮肤感染模型
Jhong等[66] RF / / 未进行湿实验验证
Veltri等[67] DNN+LSTM / / 未进行湿实验验证
Zhao等[68] PLM+CNN+BiLSTM+CBAM / / 未进行湿实验验证
Chen等[69] DT+kNN+LightGBM+NB+RF+SVM+XGBoost+ANN+CNN+LSTM / 设计的半胱胺酶钉结合肽 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测
Yu等[70] LightGBM+LSTM+ATT 多肽组 牛奶 体外抗菌实验
Yang等[71] ATT+LSTM+BERT 基因组 细菌基因组编码的非核糖体肽 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测,抗菌机制探索
Meng等[72] CNN+LSTM / / 未进行湿实验验证
Wang[73] MLP / / 未进行湿实验验证
Fang等[74] RF+XGBoost+SVM+ET+LightGBM+CatBoost+GB / CPPsite 2.0数据库 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测,小鼠皮下及腹膜感染模型
Xiao等[75] CNN+BiLSTM+SVM / 蛋白数据库训练 未进行湿实验验证
Xu等[76] CNN+LSTM / / 未进行湿实验验证
Pang等[77] BERT / / 未进行湿实验验证
Biswas等[78] RF+ANN 多肽库 天然宿主防御肽数据库、已知具有抗结核活性的先导肽 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测
Zhang等[79] GA+ML 多肽 由车虾生产的LBDMj肽作为模型肽 体外抗菌实验
Giguere等[80] K-means+SVM 多肽库 CAMP数据集 体外抗菌实验
Song等[81] CNN+LSTM 蛋白质组 巨型长牡蛎黏液 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测
Han等[82] PLM / / 未进行湿实验验证
Cordoves-Delgado等[83] PLM+GAT / / 未进行湿实验验证
Meher等[84] SVM / / 未进行湿实验验证
Ng等[85] SVM / / 未进行湿实验验证
Olcay等[86] RF+SVM+LR+kNN+XGBoost / / 未进行湿实验验证
Xia等[87] FCNN 多肽组 蛋白酶体数据库 未进行湿实验验证
Medina-Ortiz等[88] SVM+RF+kNN+XGBoost 肽图谱多肽数据库中活性未知肽从新合成的多肽筛选抗菌肽 / 未进行湿实验验证
Hussain[89] CNN / / 未进行湿实验验证
Wu等[90] RF 宏基因组 南美白对虾养殖池塘水体 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测
Guo等[91] RF+XGBoost 多肽库 实验数据获得的肽和DBAASP数据库 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测,抗菌机制探索,体内抗龋效果分析,体内安全性分析
Zhou等[92] CNN+LSTM / / 未进行湿实验验证
Du等[93] RF 基因组 乳杆菌科 未进行湿实验验证
Barroso等[94] SVM+RF+DNN 基因组、转录组、蛋白质组数据 刺胞动物 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测
Shen等[95] CNN+LSTM+BERT 宏基因组 反刍动物胃肠道微生物组 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测,小鼠皮肤感染模型
Kavousi等[96] NB+kNN+SVM+RF+XGBoost / / 未进行湿实验验证
Xu等[97] LSTM+ATT+BERT 宏基因组 污泥 体外抗菌实验
Grafskaia等[98] DNN+HMM 转录组 海葵 体外抗菌实验
Henson等[99] ML 多肽库 虚拟肽库 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测,抗菌机制探索
表5 基于人工智能(AI)的抗菌肽(AMP)的设计和生成研究成果汇总
文献 主要算法框架 湿实验验证
Das等[7] VAE+WAE 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测,抗菌机制探索
Tian等[37] GAN 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测,抗菌机制探索
Wang等[39] DM+VAE+BERT 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测,体内小鼠皮肤/肺部感染模型
Liu等[100] VAE+CNN 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测,抗菌机制探索,体内小鼠肠道感染模型
de Albernaz等[101] Transformer 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测,协同作用试验:抗菌肽与抗生素美罗培南
Dong等[102] GAN+GCN 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测,抗菌机制探索,体内小鼠多重耐药鲍曼杆菌急性感染模型
Jin等[103] XGBoost+LSTM 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测,抗菌机制探索
Gao等[104] SHAP+BERT 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测,抗菌机制探索,体内小鼠急性感染模型
Jiang等[105] PLM+PT+KD+RL 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测,抗菌机制探索,体内大鼠颈部感染模型
Zhang等[106] LSTM+CNN 未进行湿实验验证
Pikalyova等[107] WAE+GTM 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测
Zhao等[108] VAE+Transformer 未进行湿实验验证
Liu等[109] RNN+PLM+RTKU 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测,抗菌机制探索
Zhao等[110] CVAE+DM 未进行湿实验验证
Wu等[111] GGD+RL 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测,抗菌机制探索
Wang等[112] GRU+ATT+MCTS 抗菌活性、溶血分析、细胞毒性分析
Yang等[113] CVAE+RF 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测
Pandi等[114] VAE+CNN+LSTM 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测,抗菌机制探索
Boone等[115] RST+GA 体外抗菌实验
Wang等[116] PL+DM 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测,抗菌机制探索
Cesaro等[117] VAE 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测,动物模型内抗感染实验
Whelan等[118] SVM+RF+DA 未进行湿实验验证
Swanson等[119] DNN+MCTS 体外抗菌实验,耐药概率测试
Yin等[120] XGBoost 体外抗菌实验
Dong等[121] RNN+Transformer+GRU+LSTM 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测,抗菌机制探索
Zare-Zardini等[122] LightGBM+GA 体外抗菌实验,生物相容性检测,抗菌机制探索,伤口愈合能力分析
Dean等[123] VAE 体外抗菌实验
Dean等[124] VAE 体外抗菌实验
Tucs等[125] GAN 体外抗菌实验,氨苄西林药效对标分析
表6 代表性的判别及生成类人工智能(AI)模型
核心AI模型 算法框架 特征编码方式 靶标菌株 湿实验验证方式 核心结论
Macrel[40] RF 氨基酸组成、理化特性、二肽及三肽的分布、分子量等一维序列特征 ESKAPEE(屎肠球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肠杆菌属和大肠埃希菌)等11种临床致病菌 体外抗菌实验生物相容性检测抗菌机制探索小鼠皮肤鲍曼不动杆菌感染模型 对全球范围内63 410个宏基因组与87 920个原核基因组序列进行系统筛选,构建了AMPphere数据库,其中超90%为全新未知AMP。该研究选取并合成了100条候选肽,其中79条具备体外抗菌活性,部分AMP在小鼠感染模型中表现出与多黏菌素B相当的抗感染效果
APEX[43] FCNN 氨基酸组成、理化特性、二肽及三肽的分布、分子量等一维序列特征 ESKAPEE等11种临床致病菌 体外抗菌实验生物相容性检测抗菌机制探索小鼠皮肤和大腿深部鲍曼不动杆菌感染模型 对灭绝生物蛋白组进行扫描筛选,经合成验证的69条肽多通过破坏细菌细胞膜电位发挥抗菌作用,可在小鼠皮肤脓肿及大腿感染模型中有效清除多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌
AMPlify[26] Bi-LSTM+ATT 仅包括氨基酸序列信息,不包括理化特性等 WHO重点耐药致病菌(耐药性大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、化脓性链球菌和铜绿假单胞菌) 体外抗菌实验 擅长从真核基因组中挖掘新型AMP,灵敏度与特异度显著提升
PGAT-ABPp[33] GNN+PLM PLM全局序列嵌入,氨基酸残基构建拓扑图,叠加理化属性节点特征 广谱抗菌 未进行湿实验验证 PLM可捕获氨基酸全局上下文规律,GNN有效挖掘残基局部相互作用,二者融合能弥补单一模型缺失结构信息的缺陷;PGAT-ABPp在多套测试数据集上识别准确率显著优于现有主流预测工具
PepVAE[124] VAE 氨基酸离散序列嵌入编码,将氨基酸字符映射为低维连续向量;隐空间约束多肽净电荷、疏水性、长度等关键理化参数,实现可控序列生成 大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌 体外抗菌实验 PepVAE可实现多肽生成与活性预测,相比传统生成模型训练过程更稳定,不易出现序列失效问题
PepGAN[125] GAN 氨基酸组成、理化特性、二肽及三肽的分布、分子量等一维序列特征 大肠杆菌 体外抗菌实验并与氨苄西林药效对标 活性约束的GAN可定向产出高抑菌活性多肽,提升有效候选肽的产出效率
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