切换至 "中华医学电子期刊资源库"

中华口腔医学研究杂志(电子版) ›› 2023, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (03) : 203 -209. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-1366.2023.03.008

论著

口腔诊室不同通风状态下气溶胶类污染物喷溅情况研究
马辉彬1, 黎创2, 池玉珊1, 许青峰1, 林华敏1, 辛蔚妮1,()   
  1. 1. 汕头大学医学院口腔门诊部·口腔医学系,汕头 515000
    2. 汕头大学公共卫生学院,汕头 515000
  • 收稿日期:2022-10-28 出版日期:2023-02-21
  • 通信作者: 辛蔚妮

Study on spraying of aerosol pollutants under different ventilation conditions in dental clinics

Huibin Ma1, Chuang Li2, Yushan Chi1, Qingfeng Xu1, Huamin Lin1, Weini Xin1,()   

  1. 1. Clinic of Stomatology·Department of Stomatology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515000, China
    2. School of Public Health, Shantou University, Shantou 515000, China
  • Received:2022-10-28 Published:2023-02-21
  • Corresponding author: Weini Xin
  • Supported by:
    Science and Technology Special Fund of Guangdong "Medical Education Talent Training and Clinical Technology Improvment Plan"(2019113134); Science and Technology Planning Project of Shantou(220513116490582)
引用本文:

马辉彬, 黎创, 池玉珊, 许青峰, 林华敏, 辛蔚妮. 口腔诊室不同通风状态下气溶胶类污染物喷溅情况研究[J]. 中华口腔医学研究杂志(电子版), 2023, 17(03): 203-209.

Huibin Ma, Chuang Li, Yushan Chi, Qingfeng Xu, Huamin Lin, Weini Xin. Study on spraying of aerosol pollutants under different ventilation conditions in dental clinics[J]. Chinese Journal of Stomatological Research(Electronic Edition), 2023, 17(03): 203-209.

目的

研究在独立空间内进行口腔诊疗操作时,不同通风状态下气溶胶类污染物的喷溅情况,为降低医患感染风险提供依据。

方法

选取独立口腔诊室,在3种不同通风状态(自然开窗通风、新风系统和新风系统及空气消毒机)下开展3种不同口腔诊疗操作(龈上洁治、根管预备和牙体预备),定义为9种工况。测定不同位点在不同时点的菌落总数,定量分析不同通风状态的气溶胶类污染物在时间和空间上的轨迹分布。采用Spearman秩相关分析、广义线性混合模型、方差分析和Wilcoxon秩和检验,以及秩次转换后进行多重比较以分析菌落总数的差异和平衡状态。

结果

方差分析结果表明,各位点的菌落总数差异无统计学意义(F = 1.45,P = 0.182),即各位点的菌落总数分布在各位点较为均匀。相对于自然开窗通风,开启新风系统进行龈上洁治和牙体预备,菌落总数(N工况1 = 25.8 CFU/cm2;N工况2 = 10.4 CFU/cm2;N工况7 = 35.7 CFU/cm2;N工况8 = 6.5 CFU/cm2)均随着时间的增加呈现降低的趋势(t龈上洁治 = 2.27,P龈上洁治 = 0.024;t牙体预备 = 2.30,P牙体预备 = 0.022)。所有工况治疗结束后30 ~ 60 min内与治疗结束后60 ~ 120 min内的菌落总数均无明显差异,即喷溅操作结束30 min后菌落总数趋于动态平衡的状态,且符合《医院消毒卫生标准GB 15982-2012》中的Ⅳ类环境要求。

结论

开启新风系统能在口腔诊疗喷溅操作中一定程度上有效降低特定空间的气溶胶类污染物。上一患者治疗结束后30 min下一患者方进入该区域进行治疗较安全。

Objective

To investigate the effect of different ventilation schemes on the concentration of aerosol pollutants in independent space during dental diagnosis and treatment.

Methods

Independent dental treatment room equipped with ventilation systems and air disinfectors was selected. A total of nine working conditions including three different dental treatments (supragingival scaling, root canal preparation and tooth preparation) were carried out respectively in three different ventilation schemes (natural ventilation, dedicated outdoor air system and dedicated outdoor air system combined with air disinfector) . The aerobic bacterial counts were measured at different heights and time points. Spatiotemporal distributions of aerosol pollutants in different ventilation schemes were analyzed quantitatively. The differences and equilibrium states of aerobic bacterial counts were examined using Spearman′s rank correlation analysis, generalized linear mixed models, analysis of variance (ANOVA) , Wilcoxon rank sum tests, and multiple comparisons following rank order transformation.

Results

The results of the ANOVA test revealed no statistically significant variations in the aerobic bacterial counts at each site (F = 1.45, P = 0.182) , indicating that the aerobic bacterial counts were spread uniformly across sites. Compared to natural ventilation, the aerobic bacterial counts (Nworking condition1 = 25.8 CFU/cm2; Nworking condition2 = 10.4 CFU/cm2; Nworking condition7 = 35.7 CFU/cm2; Nworking condition8 = 6.5 CFU/cm2) under dedicated outdoor air system during supragingival scaling and tooth preparation decreased over time (tsupragingival scaling = 2.27, Psupragingival scaling = 0.024; ttooth preparation = 2.30, Ptooth preparation = 0.022) . There is no significant difference between aerobic bacterial counts of the treatment after 30 minutes to 60 minutes and that after 60 minutes to 120 minutes, indicating the dynamic equilibrium of bacterial accounts was reached at 30 minutes after the spraying treatment, which met the class Ⅳ environmental requirements in the Hygienic Standard for Disinfection in Hospitals GB 15982-2012.

Conclusions

It can effectively reduce aerosol pollutants in a specific space in a certain period of time under the dedicated outdoor air system. The risk of the next patient can be greatly reduced when entering the dental treatment room at 30 minutes after the previous treatment.

表1 本研究3种通风状态下3种口腔诊疗操作对应的9种工况
图1 口腔诊室内不同喷溅操作下细菌采样位点示意图(参考文献[7]绘制) R-1:离患者口腔水平方向100 cm,离地面80 cm,距离治疗托盘约45°;R-2:离患者口腔水平50 cm,离地面80 cm,距离治疗托盘约45°,位于工作台1上;L-1:离患者口腔水平方向50 cm,离地面80 cm,距离治疗托盘约15°;L-2:距患者口腔水平位置100 cm,离地面80 cm,距离治疗托盘约15°,位于工作台2上;M1:患者口腔上方10 cm;M2:患者口腔上方30 cm;DP:在医用手术器械托盘上;N:距患者口腔水平位置150 cm,位于3号工作台上;H1:离地面150 cm(未在图中标明);H2:离地面200 cm(未在图中标明)。
表2 不同工况下细菌喷溅随时间的Spearman关系
表3 口腔诊疗结束后菌落总数差异
图2 不同位点不同工况下菌落总数随时间沉淀情况
表4 不同位点不同工况下的平均菌落总数(CFU/cm2
图3 9种工况不同位点菌落总数散布图 R-1:离患者口腔水平方向100 cm,离地面80 cm,距离治疗托盘约45°;R-2:离患者口腔水平50 cm,离地面80 cm,距离治疗托盘约45°,位于工作台1上;L-1:离患者口腔水平方向50 cm,离地面80 cm,距离治疗托盘约15°;L-2:距患者口腔水平位置100 cm,离地面80 cm,距离治疗托盘约15°,位于工作台2上;M1:患者口腔上方10 cm;M2:患者口腔上方30 cm;DP:在医用手术器械托盘上;N:距患者口腔水平位置150 cm,位于3号工作台上;H1:离地面150 cm;H2:离地面200 cm。
表5 基于广义线性混合模型(GLMM)的同一喷溅操作下不同通风状态菌落总数比较
[1]
李京平,章小缓,麦穗,等. 口腔诊疗中呼吸道传染病交叉感染防范策略:关注气溶胶[J/OL]. 中华口腔医学研究杂志(电子版)2020,14(3):149-154. DOI:10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-1366.2020.03.004.
[2]
国务院应对新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情联防联控机制综合组. 关于印发新冠肺炎流行期间办公场所和公共场所空调通风系统运行管理指南的通知[EB/OL]. (2020-02-13)[2022-10-28].

URL    
[3]
Capparè P, D′Ambrosio R, de Cunto R,et al. The usage of an air purifier device with HEPA 14 filter during dental procedures in COVID-19 pandemic:A randomized clinical trial [J]. Int J Environ Res Public Health2022,19(9):5139. DOI:10.3390/ijerph19095139.
[4]
Chen IH, Lin CH, Liao YS,et al. Assessment of dental personal protective equipment (PPE) and the relationship betweenmanual dexterity and dissemination of aerosol and splatter during the COVID-19 pandemic [J]. J Dent Sci2022,17(4):1538-1543. DOI:10.1016/j.jds.2022.04.021.
[5]
广东省卫生健康委员会. 广东省新冠肺炎防控指挥办医疗救治组关于印发广东省医疗机构感染预防与控制108个流程指引的通知[EB/OL]. (2020-02-19)[2022-10-28].

URL    
[6]
岳磊,杨威,霍海洋,等. 新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期口腔颌面部间隙感染的特点及诊治体会[J]. 实用口腔医学杂志2020,36(2):261-263. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-3733.2020.02.029.
[7]
Chuang CY, Cheng HC, Yang SH,et al. Investigation of the spreading characteristics of bacterial aerosol contamination during dental scaling treatment [J]. J Dent Sci2014,9(3):294-296. DOI:10.1016/j.jds.2014.06.002.
[8]
中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会. GB 15982-2012医院消毒卫生标准[S]. 北京:中国标准出版社,2012.
[9]
刘颖君,安娜. 口腔诊室细菌性气溶胶研究进展[J]. 中国感染控制杂志2017,16(8):773-778. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1671-9638.2017.08.021.
[10]
杨志浩. 广义线性混合模型的分布式计算及其实证应用[D]. 南昌:江西财经大学,2021. DOI:10.27175/d.cnki.gjxcu.2021.001419.
[11]
Comisi JC, Ravenel TD, Kelly A,et al. Aerosol and spatter mitigation in dentistry:Analysis of the effectiveness of 13 setups[J]. J Esthet Restor Dent2021,33(3):466-479. DOI:10.1111/jerd.12717.
[12]
Chen C, Zhao B, Cui W,et al. The effectiveness of an air cleaner in controlling droplet/aerosol particle dispersion emitted from a patient′s mouth in the indoor environment of dental clinics [J]. J R Soc Interface2010,7(48):1105-1118. DOI:10.1098/rsif.2009.0516.
[13]
刘万万,王秋荟,张向萍. 新风系统在智能建筑中的应用[J]. 商丘职业技术学院学报2021,20(6):89-92. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1671-8127.2021.06.020.
[14]
卢桂宁,唐小兰. 空气消毒机的研究进展[J]. 应用预防医学2022,28(3):303-306. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-758X.2022.03.032.
[15]
Kumbargere Nagraj S, Eachempati P, Paisi M, el al. Interventions to reduce contaminated aerosols produced during dental procedures for preventing infectious diseases[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev2020,10(10):CD013686. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD013686.pub2.
[16]
王宁. 分析新风系统的绿色健康运行[J]. 科技资讯2022,20(18):134-138. DOI:10.16661/j.cnki.1672-3791.2203-5042-2250.
[17]
Hamzavi IH, Lyons AB, Kohli I,et al. Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation:Possible method for respirator disinfection to facilitate reuse during the COVID-19 pandemic [J]. J Am Acad Dermatol2020,82(6):1511-1512. DOI:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.03.085.
[1] 李京平, 章小缓, 麦穗, 吴少伟, 宁杨, 赵克. 口腔诊疗中呼吸道传染病交叉感染防范策略:关注气溶胶[J]. 中华口腔医学研究杂志(电子版), 2020, 14(03): 149-154.
[2] 张晓梅, 陈美玲. 岩盐气溶胶治疗老年尘肺患者疗效分析[J]. 中华老年病研究电子杂志, 2021, 08(02): 26-29.
阅读次数
全文


摘要