| [1] |
|
| [2] |
Sanz M, Herrera D, Kebschull M, et al. Treatment of stage Ⅰ-Ⅲ periodontitis:The EFP S3 level clinical practice guideline[J]. J Clin Periodontol, 2020, 47(Suppl 22):4-60. DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13290.
|
| [3] |
Shan T, Tay F R, Gu L. Application of artificial intelligence in dentistry[J]. J Dent Res, 2021, 100(3):232-244. DOI: 10.1177/0022034520969115.
|
| [4] |
Steels L, López de Mántaras R. The Barcelona declaration for the proper development and usage of artificial intelligence in Europe[J]. AIC, 2018, 31(6):485-494. DOI: 10.3233/AIC-180607.
|
| [5] |
Borstelmann S M. Machine learning principles for radiology investigators[J]. Acad Radiol, 2020, 27(1):13-25. DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2019.07.030.
|
| [6] |
Kim J, Lee H S, Song I S, et al. DeNTNet:Deep neural transfer network for the detection of periodontal bone loss using panoramic dental radiographs[J]. Sci Rep, 2019, 9(1):17615. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53758-2.
|
| [7] |
Xue T, Chen L, Sun Q. Deep learning method to automatically diagnose periodontal bone loss and periodontitis stage in dental panoramic radiograph[J]. J Dent, 2024(150):105373. DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105373.
|
| [8] |
Chang H J, Lee S J, Yong T H, et al. Deep learning hybrid method to automatically diagnose periodontal bone loss and stage periodontitis[J]. Sci Rep, 2020, 10(1):7531. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64509-z.
|
| [9] |
Jiang L, Chen D, Cao Z, et al. A two-stage deep learning architecture for radiographic staging of periodontal bone loss[J]. BMC Oral Health, 2022, 22(1):106. DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02119-z.
|
| [10] |
Lee C T, Kabir T, Nelson J, et al. Use of the deep learning approach to measure alveolar bone level[J]. J Clin Periodontol, 2022, 49(3):260-269. DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13574.
|
| [11] |
Liu Q, Dai F, Zhu H, et al. Deep learning for the early identification of periodontitis:A retrospective,multicentre study[J]. Clin Radiol, 2023, 78(12):e985-e992. DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2023.08.017.
|
| [12] |
Kong Z, Ouyang H, Cao Y, et al. Automated periodontitis bone loss diagnosis in panoramic radiographs using a bespoke two-stage detector[J]. Comput Biol Med, 2023(152):106374. DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106374.
|
| [13] |
Chen C C, Wu Y F, Aung L M, et al. Automatic recognition of teeth and periodontal bone loss measurement in digital radiographs using deep-learning artificial intelligence[J]. J Dent Sci, 2023, 18(3):1301-1309. DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2023.03.020.
|
| [14] |
Chau R C W, Li G H, Tew I M, et al. Accuracy of artificial intelligence-based photographic detection of gingivitis[J]. Int Dent J, 2023, 73(5):724-730. DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2023.03.007.
|
| [15] |
Li W, Liang Y, Zhang X, et al. A deep learning approach to automatic gingivitis screening based on classification and localization in RGB photos[J]. Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1):16831. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96091-3.
|
| [16] |
Li W, Li L, Xu W, et al. Identification of gingival inflammation surface image features using intraoral scanning and deep learning[J]. Int Dent J, 2025, 75(3):2104-2114. DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2025.01.002.
|
| [17] |
Li W, Guo E, Zhao H, et al. Evaluation of transfer ensemble learning-based convolutional neural network models for the identification of chronic gingivitis from oral photographs[J]. BMC Oral Health, 2024, 24(1):814. DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04460-x.
|
| [18] |
Li Y, Cui Z, Mei L, et al. A novel AI-powered radiographic analysis surpasses specialists in stage Ⅱ-Ⅳ periodontitis detection:A multicenter diagnostic study[J]. NPJ Digit Med, 2025, 8(1):691. DOI: 10.1038/s41746-025-02077-0.
|
| [19] |
Wen C, Bai X, Yang J, et al. Deep learning based approach:Automated gingival inflammation grading model using gingival removal strategy[J]. Sci Rep, 2024, 14(1):19780. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70311-y.
|
| [20] |
Moharrami M, Vahab E, Bagherianlemraski M, et al. Deep learning for detecting dental plaque and gingivitis from oral photographs:A systematic review[J]. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 2025, 53(6):617-632. DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.70001.
|
| [21] |
Li X, Zhao D, Xie J, et al. Deep learning for classifying the stages of periodontitis on dental images:A systematic review and Meta-analysis[J]. BMC Oral Health, 2023, 23(1):1017. DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03751-z.
|
| [22] |
Chiang H M, Jonzén K, Wu Y Y, et al. How accurate is AI in detecting marginal jaw bone loss? A systematic review and Meta-analysis[J]. J Dent, 2025(163):106151. DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2025.106151.
|
| [23] |
Eke P I, Genco R J. CDC periodontal disease surveillance project:Background,objectives,and progress report[J]. J Periodontol, 2007, 78(Suppl 7S):1366-1371. DOI: 10.1902/jop.2007.070134.
|
| [24] |
Mohammed H A, Abdulkareem A A, Zardawi F M, et al. Determination of the accuracy of salivary biomarkers for periodontal diagnosis[J]. Diagnostics (Basel), 2022, 12(10):2485. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12102485.
|
| [25] |
Liaw A, Liu C, Bartold M, et al. Salivary histone deacetylase in periodontal disease:A cross-sectional pilot study[J]. J Periodontal Res, 2023, 58(2):433-443. DOI: 10.1111/jre.13104.
|
| [26] |
Babun F K, Kayar N A, Hatipoğlu M. Investigating the role of salivary interleukin-40 levels in diagnosing periodontal diseases[J]. Oral Dis, 2024, 30(8):5315-5325. DOI: 10.1111/odi.14936.
|
| [27] |
Melguizo-Rodríguez L, Costela-Ruiz V J, Manzano-Moreno F J, et al. Salivary biomarkers and their application in the diagnosis and monitoring of the most common oral pathologies[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21(14):5173. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145173.
|
| [28] |
de Morais E F, Pinheiro J C, Leite R B, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-8 levels in periodontal disease patients:A systematic review[J]. J Periodontal Res, 2018, 53(2):156-163. DOI: 10.1111/jre.12495.
|
| [29] |
Enevold C, Nielsen C H, Christensen L B, et al. Suitability of machine learning models for prediction of clinically defined Stage Ⅲ/Ⅳ periodontitis from questionnaires and demographic data in Danish cohorts[J]. J Clin Periodontol, 2024, 51(12):1561-1573. DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13874.
|
| [30] |
Deng K, Zonta F, Yang H, et al. Development of a machine learning multiclass screening tool for periodontal health status based on non-clinical parameters and salivary biomarkers[J]. J Clin Periodontol, 2024, 51(12):1547-1560. DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13856.
|
| [31] |
Lee J H, Kim D H, Jeong S N, et al. Diagnosis and prediction of periodontally compromised teeth using a deep learning-based convolutional neural network algorithm[J]. J Periodontal Implant Sci, 2018, 48(2):114-123. DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2018.48.2.114.
|
| [32] |
Santamaria P, Troiano G, Serroni M, et al. Exploring the accuracy of tooth loss prediction between a clinical periodontal prognostic system and a machine learning prognostic model[J]. J Clin Periodontol, 2024, 51(10):1333-1341. DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.14023.
|
| [33] |
Wang R, Wang R, Yang T, et al. Deep learning improves prediction of periodontal therapy effectiveness in Chinese patients[J]. J Periodontal Res, 2023, 58(3):520-528. DOI: 10.1111/jre.13122.
|
| [34] |
Feher B, de Souza Oliveira E H, Mendes Duarte P, et al. Machine learning-assisted prediction of clinical responses to periodontal treatment[J]. J Periodontol, 2025, 96(11):1199-1212. DOI: 10.1002/JPER.24-0737.
|
| [35] |
Chow D Y, Tay J R H, Nascimento G G. Systematic review of prognosis models in predicting tooth loss in periodontitis[J]. J Dent Res, 2024, 103(6):596-604. DOI: 10.1177/00220345241237448.
|
| [36] |
Li Y, Wu X, Liu M, et al. Enhanced control of periodontitis by an artificial intelligence-enabled multimodal-sensing toothbrush and targeted mHealth micromessages:A randomized trial[J]. J Clin Periodontol, 2024, 51(12):1632-1643. DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13987.
|
| [37] |
Hunsrisakhun J, Naorungroj S, Tangkuptanon W, et al. Impact of oral health chatbot with and without toothbrushing training on childhood caries[J]. Int Dent J, 2025, 75(2):1348-1359. DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2024.09.028.
|
| [38] |
Chau R C W, Thu K M, Hsung R T C, et al. Self-monitoring of oral health using smartphone selfie powered by artificial intelligence:Implications for preventive dentistry[J]. Oral Health Prev Dent, 2024(22):327-340. DOI: 10.3290/j.ohpd.b5758200.
|
| [39] |
Snider V, Homsi K, Kusnoto B, et al. Effectiveness of AI-driven remote monitoring technology in improving oral hygiene during orthodontic treatment[J]. Orthod Craniofac Res, 2023, 26(Suppl 1):102-110. DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12666.
|
| [40] |
Chau R C W, Cheng A C C, Mao K, et al. External validation of an AI mHealth tool for gingivitis detection among older adults at daycare centers:A pilot study[J]. Int Dent J, 2025, 75(3):1970-1978. DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2025.01.008.
|
| [41] |
Ertaş K, Pence I, Cesmeli M S, et al. Determination of the stage and grade of periodontitis according to the current classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions (2018) using machine learning algorithms[J]. J Periodontal Implant Sci, 2023, 53(1):38-53. DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2201060053.
|
| [42] |
Vigil M S A, Gowri V, Ramesh S S S, et al. ADGRU:Adaptive DenseNet with gated recurrent unit for automatic diagnosis of periodontal bone loss and stage periodontitis with tooth segmentation mechanism[J]. Clin Oral Investig, 2024, 28(11):614. DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05977-9.
|
| [43] |
Guler Ayyildiz B, Karakis R, Terzioglu B, et al. Comparison of deep learning methods for the radiographic detection of patients with different periodontitis stages[J]. Dentomaxillofac Radiol, 2024, 53(1):32-42. DOI: 10.1093/dmfr/twad003.
|
| [44] |
Erturk M, Öziç M Ü, Tassoker M. Deep convolutional neural network for automated staging of periodontal bone loss severity on bite-wing radiographs:An Eigen-CAM explainability mapping approach[J]. J Imaging Inform Med, 2025, 38(1):556-575. DOI: 10.1007/s10278-024-01218-3.
|
| [45] |
Shen K L, Huang C L, Lin Y C, et al. Effects of artificial intelligence-assisted dental monitoring intervention in patients with periodontitis:A randomized controlled trial[J]. J Clin Periodontol, 2022, 49(10):988-998. DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13675.
|
| [46] |
Kazimierczak W, Wajer R, Wajer A, et al. Periapical lesions in panoramic radiography and CBCT imaging-assessment of AI′s diagnostic accuracy[J]. J Clin Med, 2024, 13(9):2709. DOI: 10.3390/jcm13092709.
|
| [47] |
Khan A, Khan K J, Ghaza M A, et al. Celebrating breakthrough in dental diagnostics:FDA approval of an AI model for diagnosis of periodontal diseases:A correspondence[J]. Health Sci Rep, 2023, 6(9):e1573. DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1573.
|
| [48] |
London A J. Artificial intelligence and black-box medical decisions:Accuracy versus explainability[J]. Hastings Cent Rep, 2019, 49(1):15-21. DOI: 10.1002/hast.973.
|
| [49] |
Farah L, Murris J M, Borget I, et al. Assessment of performance,interpretability,and explainability in artificial intelligence-based health technologies:What healthcare stakeholders need to know[J]. Mayo Clin Proc Digit Health, 2023, 1(2):120-138. DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpdig.2023.02.004.
|
| [50] |
Qian J, Li H, Wang J, et al. Recent advances in explainable artificial intelligence for magnetic resonance imaging[J]. Diagnostics(Basel), 2023, 13(9):1571. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13091571.
|
| [51] |
Herington J, McCradden M D, Creel K, et al. Ethical considerations for artificial intelligence in medical imaging:Data collection,development,and evaluation[J]. J Nucl Med, 2023, 64(12):1848-1854. DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.123.266080.
|
| [52] |
Vrudhula A, Kwan A C, Ouyang D, et al. Machine learning and bias in medical imaging:Opportunities and challenges[J]. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 2024, 17(2):e015495. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.123.015495.
|
| [53] |
Diaz O, Kushibar K, Osuala R, et al. Data preparation for artificial intelligence in medical imaging:A comprehensive guide to open-access platforms and tools[J]. Phys Med, 2021(83):25-37. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2021.02.007.
|
| [54] |
Khalid N, Qayyum A, Bilal M, et al. Privacy-preserving artificial intelligence in healthcare:Techniques and applications[J]. Comput Biol Med, 2023(158):106848. DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106848.
|
| [55] |
Tayebi Arasteh S, Ziller A, Kuhl C, et al. Preserving fairness and diagnostic accuracy in private large-scale AI models for medical imaging[J]. Commun Med (Lond), 2024, 4(1):46. DOI: 10.1038/s43856-024-00462-6.
|
| [56] |
|
| [57] |
Park S H, Han K, Jang H Y, et al. Methods for clinical evaluation of artificial intelligence algorithms for medical diagnosis[J]. Radiology, 2023, 306(1):20-31. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.220182.
|
| [58] |
|
| [59] |
|
| [60] |
|
| [61] |
Mascarenhas M, Martins M, Ribeiro T, et al. Software as a medical device (SaMD) in digestive healthcare:Regulatory challenges and ethical implications[J]. Diagnostics (Basel), 2024, 14(18):2100. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14182100.
|
| [62] |
Warraich H J, Tazbaz T, Califf R M. FDA perspective on the regulation of artificial intelligence in health care and biomedicine[J]. JAMA, 2025, 333(3):241-247. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2024.21451.
|
| [63] |
国家药品监督管理局医疗器械技术审评中心. 人工智能医疗器械注册审查指导原则(2022年第8号)[EB/OL]. (2022-03-09)[2025-07-26].
URL
|
| [64] |
Dai T, Singh S. Using AI as gatekeeper or second opinion:Designing patient pathways for AI-augmented healthcare[A]. Rochester,NY:Social Science Research Network, 2024. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.5055325.
|
| [65] |
Chawla R L, Gadge N P, Ronad S, et al. Knowledge,attitude and perception regarding artificial intelligence in periodontology:A questionnaire study[J]. Cureus, 2023, 15(11):e48309. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48309.
|
| [66] |
Witkowski K, Dougherty R B, Neely S R. Public perceptions of artificial intelligence in healthcare:Ethical concerns and opportunities for patient-centered care[J]. BMC Med Ethics, 2024, 25(1):74. DOI: 10.1186/s12910-024-01066-4.
|